• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.305-312
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• 1999

This study is intended to propose a systematic and practical life cycle cost(LCC) model for the development of the reliability-based seismic safety and cost-effective performance criteria for design and upgrading of long-span PC bridges. The LCC models consist of five cost functions such as initial cost, repair/replacement cost, human losses, road user cost, and indirect losses of regional economy. The proposed model Is successfully expressed in temrs of Park-Ang damage indices and life cycle damage probability obtained from SMART-DRAIN-2DX which is an existing algorithm for nonlinear time history analysis. The proposed LCC model is successfully applied to a viaduct constructed by PSM, in Seoul. Based on the observations, the proposed systematic procedure for the formulation of LCC model may be useful for the development of the reliability-based seismic safety and cost-effective performance criteria for design and upgrading of long-span PC bridges.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.249-256
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• 1999

This study is intended to propose a systematic procedure for the development of the reliability-based seismic safety and cost-effective Performance criteria for design and upgrading of long span PC bridges. In the paper, a set of cost function models for life cycle cost analysis of bridges is proposed. The total life cycle cost functions consist of initial cost and direct/indirect damage costs considering repair/replacement costs, human losses and property damage costs, road user costs, and indirect regional economic losses. The damage costs are successfully expressed in terms of Park-Ang median global damage indices and damage probabilities. The proposed approach is successfully applied to model bridges in both regions of a moderate seismicity area like Seoul, Korea and a high one like Tokyo, Japan. It may be expected that the proposed approach can be effectively utilized for the development of cost-effective performance criteria for design and upgrading of various types of bridges as well as long span PC bridges.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.151-175
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• 1999

This study develops principles for determining and managing costs applicable to grants and cooperative agreements for basic research. We investigated financial management policies of funding agencies and foundations in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Japan and Korea. Also we surveyed opinions of researchers and research fund administrators in Korean universities. Based on our review of funding agencies and our survey, the recommended management policies for grants and cooperative agreements are as follows: (1) Cost Structure. Cost of a sponsored agreement is comprised of the allowable direct costs and allocable portion of the allowable indirect costs. Direct costs can be further divided into salaries and wages, equipment, and other direct costs. (2) Salaries and Wages. Salaries and wages applied to a grant are paid for services rendered to the project during the period of performance of the particular agreement. In order to give researchers financial incentive, researcher allowance can be paid up to 30% of his/her regular salary. (3) Equipment. Any property purchased with grants which has an acquisition cost of 5,000,000 won or more per item and a normal life expectancy of two years or more is defined as equipment. Expenditures for special purpose equipment are allowable provided the acquisition of items is necessary for the research supported by the grant. (4) Other Direct Costs. Other direct costs are comprised of travel (both domestic and foreign), materials, other costs. Other costs may not exceed 30% of total other direct costs. (5) Indirect Costs. Since there is no clear consensus on indirect costs and additional budget is necessary to support actual indirect costs, the practical policy at the moment is to give a research support expense in lieu of indirect costs. In the future, however, some form of actual indirect costs should be supported. This study develops principles for determining and managing costs applicable to grants and cooperative agreements funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology. This research can be applied to other governmental agencies to give consistency and uniformity in administration of grants and cooperative agreements.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.30-37
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• 2017

In Korea, additional indirect costs generated from the time period extension of public construction projects have been studied. Practical claims against such costs are increasing. There are no clear criteria for calculating the delay cost caused by the extension, and thus calculation methods differ across entities. Logical valid calculation methods have also not been researched. Further, there are no Korean studies on the additional indirect cost caused by a suspension in a public construction project on a long-term continuing contract. The purpose of this research is to propose a method of calculating the indirect cost incurred by construction time extension that reflects the characteristics of Korean public construction projects. The cost patterns generated during construction periods were analyzed, and then the current criteria of calculating the indirect costs caused by the extension were examined. Following this, actual conditions and practices in the field were surveyed and the current calculation method was applied to a model case to compare the actual cost and that determined from the current calculation method. Issues with the current method were identified by this comparison. Based on this, this research proposes a method of calculating the total actual cost caused by a suspension in a public construction project that is appropriate for calculating the additional indirect cost generated by a suspension in a public construction project on a long-term continuing contract.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.17 no.2 s.75
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• pp.115-130
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• 2005

This paper presents the effects of indirect costs on Life-Cycle-Cost(LCC) effective optimum design of steel-box girder bridges. The LCC formulations considered in the LCC optimization of the bridges consist of initial cost and expected rehabilitation costs including repair/replacement costs, loss of contents or fatality and injury losses, and indirect costs such as road user costs and indirect socio-economic losses. To demonstrate the LCC-effectiveness for optimum design of the bridges, an actual steel box girder bridge having two continuous spans(2@50m=100m) is considered as a numerical example. And also, in this paper, various sensitivity analyses are performed to investigate the effects of indirect costs caused by traffic conditions such as number of detour route, number of lane on detour route, length of detour route, and traffic volumes on the LCC-effective optimum design. From the numerical investigations, it may be concluded that indirect costs caused by traffic network may sensitively influence on the LCC-effective optimum design of steel-box girder bridges. Therefore, it may be stated that the traffic conditions should be considered as one of the important items in the LCC-effective optimum design of the bridges.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6177-6180
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• 2014

Background: Our study objectives were to evaluate the medical economics of cervical cancer prevention and thereby contribute to cancer care policy decisions in Japan. Methods: Model creation: we created presence-absence models for prevention by designating human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for primary prevention of cervical cancer. Cost classification and cost estimates: we divided the costs of cancer care into seven categories (prevention, mass-screening, curative treatment, palliative care, indirect, non-medical, and psychosocial cost) and estimated costs for each model. Cost-benefit analyses: we performed cost-benefit analyses for Japan as a whole. Results: HPV vaccination was estimated to cost $291.5 million, cervical cancer screening $76.0 million and curative treatment $12.0 million. The loss due to death was $251.0 million and the net benefit was -$128.5 million (negative). Conclusion: Cervical cancer prevention was not found to be cost-effective in Japan. While few cost-benefit analyses have been reported in the field of cancer care, these would be essential for Japanese policy determination.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2011

Estimation of accident costs would set a sound criterion on which invest judgement for work improvement would be decided. Unfortunately, however, the professional agency and most companies in Korea still adopt the conventional cost estimation method based on Heinrich's theory would not be applicable any more since it was developed about a century ago. This research was carried out to confirm the validity of conventional accident cost estimation method. With 110 accident cases occurred in an autoglass manufacturing plant for last 7 years, post-accident treatment procedure was simplified as a model with several phases, and practical costs were analyzed case by case. The results showed that, as expected, the company should the largest portion of loss due to accidents, and that mean indirect cost were 10.10(${\pm}20.70$) times as much as direct cost estimated by conventional method. Therefore, finally, accident types and items influenced much on accidents costs were analyzed and discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.720-723
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• 2004

This study is intended to propose a systematic approach for determining optimum Life-Cycle Cost (LCC)-effective seismic design for continuous PSC bridges considering lifetime expected seismic risks. In the paper, a set of cost function for LCC analysis of bridges is proposed. The total LCC functions consist of initial cost and direct/indirect damage costs considering repair/replacement costs, human losses and property damage costs, road user costs, and indirect socio-economic losses. The damage costs are expressed in terms of Park-Ang median global damage indices (Park and Ang, 1985) and lifetime damage probabilities. The proposed approach is applied to model bridges of both moderate seismicity regions like Korea and high seismicity regions like Japan. Since, in case of bridges, a number of parameters may have an influence on optimal target reliability, various sensitivity analyses are performed in this study. It may be expected that the proposed approach can be effectively utilized for the development of cost-effective performance criteria for design and upgrading of various types of bridges as well as continuous PC bridges.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1107-1118
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• 2007

Relationship marketing research has traditionally focused on the relationship among customer satisfaction, trust, and customer commitment, while assuming that the causal relationship of customer $satisfaction{\rightarrow}trust{\rightarrow}commitment$ is well understand. However, recently many scholars argue that customer satisfaction, trust, commitment can not explain long-term orientation fully, and suggest the need for more extensive researches investigating the determinants of long-term relational retention. The purpose of this study was to explained the relationship development process through the mediation effect of contact intensity and relationship termination cost between customer satisfaction and trust, and between trust and commitment, and an analysis the causal relationship among these variables. The results were as follows. First, the customer satisfaction had both direct and indirect effects on trust mediated by contact intensity. Second, the trust had both direct and indirect effects on commitment mediated by relationship termination cost. Third, the commitment influenced long-term orientation. Finally, the empirical results confirmed that the model add to the concept of mediation with contact intensity and relationship termination cost plays a strong, central role in explaining relationship development process between customer and fashion retail stores.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.451-469
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to implement and develop the integrated Economic Value Added (EVA) and Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) model to seek both improvement of Net Operating Profit Less Adjusted Tax (NOPLAT) and reduction of Capital Charge (CC). Net Operating Profit Less Adjusted Tax (NOPLAT) can be maximized by reducing the indirect cost of an unused resource capacity increased by Cost Capacity Ratio (CCR) of TDABC. On the other hand, Capital Charge (CC) can be minimized by improving the efficiency of Invested Capital (IC) considered by Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) of EVA. In addition, the integrated system of TDABC using Balance Scorecard (BSC) and EVA is developed by linking between the lagging indicators and the three leading indicators. The three leading indicators include customer, internal process and growth and learning perspectives whereas the lagging indicator includes NOPLAT and CC in terms of financial perspective. When the Critical Success Factor (CSF) of BSC is cascading as a cause and an effect relationship, time driver of TDABC and capital driver of EVA can be used efficiently as Key Performance Indicator (KPI) of BSC. For a better understanding of the proposed EVA/TDABC model and BSC/EVA/TDABC model, numerical examples are derived from this paper. From the proposed model, the time driver of TDABC and the capital driver of EVA are known to lessen indirect cost from comprehensive income statement when increasing the efficiency of operating IC from the statement of financial position with unified KPI cascading of aligned BSC CSFs.