• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 1991

A series of in vitro incubation studies with washed rumen bacteria were conducted to determine the influence of incubation time and concentrations of peptides, alanine, ammonia nitrogen and carbohydrate on the rate of peptide disappearance and on bacterial growth. Disappearance rate of tri-alanine (ala3) under various conditions was between 30.6 and $58.2mg\;hr^-$ per gram bacterial dry matter. Ala3 was removed from the incubation medium in an almost linear fashion as incubation time and ala3 concentration was increased. Washed rumen bacteria utilized ala3 faster than di-l-alanine (ala2) at all concentrations. Adding 9mM carbohydrate significantly increased ala3 disappearance, but level of ammonia nitrogen had no influence on ala3 disappearance. The presence of alanine in the medium significantly lowered ala3 utilization by rumen bacteria. Bacterial dry matter and nitrogen growth yield were not influenced by alanine and peptides when incubation medium already contained a sufficient level of ammonia nitrogen. Increased ammonia nitrogen in the presence of ala3 did not stimulate bacterial growth. Carbohydrate significantly increased bacterial dry matter and nitrogen growth as expected. Results indicate that the rate of peptide utilization by rumen bacteria may be altered by type and concentration of peptides, and energy supply, and this may be mediated through changes in numbers and type of bacteria.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2003

This study was carried out to determine the proper pin-heading induction time(spawn running time) when different incubation temperature were applied to Pleurotus ostreatus(Chunchu 2ho, Suhan 1ho, Heukpyung). Incubation period was 17 days at 23 and 21 days at 17 for Chunchu 2ho, 17 days at 23 and 26 for Heukpyung, and 22~23 days at 17~23 for Suhan 1ho. Incubation period for Suhan 1ho was not significantly affected by incubation temperature. The time required for initial pin-heading was 4~5 days at 17, 20, 23 and 26 for Chunchu 2ho as well as Heukpyung, and was 3 days at 17, 20, 23 and 5~6 days at 26 for Suhan 1ho. As the incubation period became longer, the available fruit-bodies at Chunchu 2ho were made more but they were short. The yield of Chunchu 2ho and Heukpyung increased when incubated for 22~27 days at 20~23 and that of Suhan 1ho also increased when incubated for 22~23 days at 17~23.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.117-125
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• 1998

The paper attempts to estimate the incubation time of a cavity in the interface between a power law creep particle and an elastic matrix subjected to a uniaxial stress. Since the power law creep particle is time dependent, the stresses in the interface relax. The volume free energy associated with Helmholtz free energy includes strain energies caused by applied stress and dislocations piled up in interface(DPI). The energy due to DPI is found by modifying the result of Dundurs and Mura[4]. The volume free energies caused by both applied stress and DPI are a function of the cavity size(r) and elapsed time(t) and arise from stress relaxation in the interface. Critical radius $r^*$ and incubation time $t^*$ to maximise Helmholtz free energy is found in present analysis. Also, kinetics of cavity formation are investigated using the results obtained by Riede [7]. The incubation time is defined in the analysis as the time required to satisfy both the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions. Through the analysis it is found that 1) strain energy caused by the applied stress does not contribute significantly to the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions of a cavity formation, 2) in order to satisfy both thermodynamic and kinetic conditions, critical radius $r^*$ decreases or holds constant with increase of the time until the kinetic condition(eq. 2.3) is satisfied. there for the cavity may not grow right after it is formed, as postulated by Harris [15], and Ishida and Mclean [16], 3) the effects of strain rate exponent (m), material constant $\sigma$0, volume fraction of the particle to matrix(f)and particle size on the incubation time are estimated using material constants of the copper as matrix.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.330-337
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• 2016

We investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of yogurt supplemented with 1%, 2%, and 3% aronia juice and fermented for 24 h at $37^{\circ}C$. The total acidity increased with increasing levels of aronia juice and incubation time. Lightness and yellowness of the yogurt decreased, but redness increased, with increasing aronia juice content and incubation time. The number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) increased with increased incubation time, and yogurt containing 2% and 3% aronia juice showed higher LAB counts than 1% aroinia juice-supplemented yogurt. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents increased proportionally with increasing levels of aronia juice. Antioxidant activity of aronia-containing yogurt was significantly higher than that of the control and increased proportionally with aronia juice concentration. Yogurt with 2% aronia juice had the best taste (P<0.05). Aronia juice may be a useful additive for improving the taste and antioxidant potential of yogurt.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 1984

Chick embryos received a single injection of actinomycin D($0.1{\mu}g,\;0.05{\mu}g\;or\;0.1{\mu}g$) or puromycin($10.0{\mu}g,\;30.0{\mu}g\;or\;50.0{\mu}g$) into the yolk sac of Arbor acres chick embryos either prior to incubation or at certain periods of time (48, 96 and 144 hours) after incubation. After 10days of incubation, surviving embryos were investigated morphologically and biochemically. Embryos treated with actinomycin D or puromycin showed a high mortality when they were exposed prior to incubation and at 48 hours after incubation. Electron micrographs of chondrocytes in tarso-metatarsal of antibiotics (actinomycin D or puromycin) treated embryos showed the destruction of cytoplasm and nuclei when they were exposed prior to incubation. Endoplasmic reticulum was expanded and mitochondria were damaged in chondrocytes of surving embryos treated with low doses at 48 hours, 96 hours or 144 hours after incubation. The activities of enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in embryos treated with actinomycin D or puromycin were much less than those of the saline treated group. Also, the amounts of DNA, RNA and protein were greatly decreased.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.417-424
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• 1999

Ontogeny, distributions and relative frequencies of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were investigated in the proventriculus of the chicken embryos with incubation periods. Samples were taken from 10 groups(10 days of incubation to hatching) and studied by immunohistochemical methods. The findings were as follows. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed from 12 days of incubation in the proventricular glands and after that increased with incubation periods. The first observation time of these cells in the epithelium were at 15 days of incubation in the basal portion but in 16 and 17 days of incubation, no immunoreactive cells were observed in the epithelium but after that a few immunoreactive cells were observed in the basal portion and gastric gland regions. The shapes of these cells were spherical to spindle in the proventricular glands and spherical to round in the epithelium and gastric gland.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the embryonic developmental changes of the pineal gland during incubating period in the Korean pheasant. The pheasant embryos and fetuses were killed after 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 19 and 23 (hatching) days of incubation. The morphological characteristics of a pineal gland were determined in all embryos and fetuses using the whole - mount technique, light microscopy and morphometry. The time of the first apparition of the pineal anlage, as a derivative of the roof of the third ventricle, was fixed at 3 days of incubation. The pineal vesicles appeared as solid mammilliform projections, which subsequently presented a central lumen, at 4 days of incubation. The pineal parenchyma was composed of the tubular pineal recess, the lobules surrounded with septum originating from the capsule and the follicles possessed central lumen at 23 days of incubation. The length, width and area of the pineal gland were increased markedly at 9 and 15 days of incubation. These results suggest that the pineal recess has an important role in the pineal development after hatching.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1983

Effects of carbon sources, incubation time, incubation temperature, initial incubation pH, and vitamin B complex on the polygalacturonase activity of Byssochlamys fulva were studied to confirm the optimum conditions for the production of that enzyme. When pectin was used as carbon source, polygalacturonase activity reached to the maximum value of 0.50 units/ml. After 5 days of incubation, polygalacuturonase activity reached to its maximum of 0.48units/ml. Polygalacturonase activities were similar between $25^{\circ}C\;and\;45^{\circ}C$, however, decreased dramatically in the outside of this range. Polygalacturonase activity was not signicicantly influenced by the variation of initial incubation pH. However, at pH5.0, polygalacturonase activity was slightly through the addition of thiamine and riboflavin, and the optimum concentrations were $10^{-2}M$ in case of thiamine and $10^{-3}M$ in riboflavin.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 1990

In order to clarify mechanism of the formation of cinnamaldehyde (CNA) in incubation mixtures of tranylcypromine (TCP) with rat liver microsomes, the CNA formed under various incubation conditions were analyzed. For the purpose, HPLC method of the analysis of CNA was developed. The formation of CNA was found to be dependent on the incubation time and the amounts of microsomes added. In addition, exclusion of NADPH or NADP of NADPH-generating system in incubation mixtures resulted in the formation of markedly decreased amounts of CNA to 8.5 and 2.4%, respectively, relative to the amounts formed each in a standard system. The small amounts measured were comparable to those formed by incubation without microsomes or with boiled microsomes. The results clearly suggested that CNA is a metabolic product of TCP by rat liver microsomes though further studies are needed to suggest details of the steps to the formation of CNA from TCP and of the enzymatic entities involved in the formation of CNA.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.34-41
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• 2001

It is well known that bioassay on the low organic matters in water have developed from the two methods. One is assimilable organic carbon(AOC) that makes use of the maximum growth biomass of the pure strains for the standard substrates, the other is biodegradable dissolved organic carbon(BDOC) that determines the fraction of dissolved organic carbon(DOC) available for microbial utilization. The purpose of this study was to upgrade the measurement method of BDOC in natural water or drinking water. BBOC was determined by means of the bacterial growth and the DOC decrease at the same time. The origin inoculums were used to the suspended bacteria from Han River water, The initial optimum biomass and incubation time for initial DOC were induced by variation of nutrient repression and inoculums. The time reached to minimum DOC was selected as incubation time. The initial optimum biomass for Han river water was about 1000~5000 CFU/mL, respectively. In a sufficient biomass, suitable incubation time was about 3~5 day. It was indirectly calculated BDOC on maximum growth rate by measuring growth yield of indigenous bacteria. But it was difficult to adapt growth yield coefficient because of irregular bacterial growth. The measured 3 day BDOC was close to BDOC calculated with our proposed experimental equation between DOC and BDOC. It shows that the quantification of BDOC with this experimental equation can be used indirectly.