• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.17-23
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• 2011

The focus of this study was to clarify the relation between the nitric oxide (NO) production and cytokine expression including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and also investigated the effect of G-NANA (N-acylneuraminic acid isolates from glycomacropeptide) or S-NANA (Synthetic N-acylneuraminic acid) on LPS stimuli from RAW264.7 cell. The NANA is the predominant sialic acid found in mammalian cells and G-NANA is isolation of GMP (GMP is a valuable bioactive peptide with a varying degree of glycosylation including sialic acid). The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria induces the expression of cytokines and potent inducers of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6. In this experiment, upon stimulation with increasing concentrations of chitosan, the LPS-stimulated TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 secretion was significantly recovered with in the incubation media of RAW264.7 cells. Consistently, RT-PCR with mRNA and immunoblot analysis with anti-cytokine antiserum including TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 showed that the amount of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 secretion in the incubation media recovered with the concentration of chitosan. The LPS-stimulated NO secretion was significantly recovered with in the 6 and 12 h incubation media of RAW264.7 cells, too. The recovery effect of G-NANA on IL-6 and NO secretion may be induced via the stimulus of TNF-${\alpha}$ in RAW264.7 cell. These results once again suggest that G-NANA may have the anti-inflammatory effect via the stimulus of TNF-${\alpha}$ in the LPS-stimulated inflammation in RAW264.7 cells.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of start-ups by industry based on the theoretical background of entrepreneurship. For this purpose, regional industrial structure and local labor market structure are considered in order to focus on regional factors in addition to economic factors, income factors, and technological innovation factors. As an analyzed result, three theories of entrepreneurship generally agree with the determinants of industry - specific entrepreneurship. During the economic recession, the number of start-ups has increased. The intra-regional consumption and the local government expenditure per capita have also positive effects on the start-up. The incubation center has a positive effect on the start - up in the manufacturing sector. Therefore, the academic-industrial leading various incubation facilities should be activated in addition to the central or local government leading incubation centers, which is a part of the policy to support start-ups of central and local governments. In addition, population growth is a very important factor in terms of potential demand creation, and the characteristics of regional industrial structure and the effect of human capital within the region differ by industry. In the case of the manufacturing industry, the accumulation effect positively influences the start-up of the industry. In other service industries, the human capital variable had the greatest effect on the start-up when all other conditions are constant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.347-354
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• 2010

This study aimed to evaluate effects of 800 W microwave irradiation for 2, 4 and 6 min on chemical composition, antinutritional factors, ruminal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability, and in vitro CP digestibility of canola seed (CS). Nylon bags of untreated or irradiated CS were suspended in the rumen of three bulls from 0 to 48 h. Protein subfractions of untreated and microwave irradiated CS before and after incubation in the rumen were monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Microwave irradiation had no effect on chemical composition of CS (p>0.05). There was a linear decrease (p<0.001) in the phytic acid and glucosinolate contents of CS as irradiation time increased. Microwave irradiation for 2, 4 and 6 min decreased the phytic acid content of CS by 8.2, 27.6 and 48.6%, respectively. The total glucosinolate contents of CS microwave irradiated for 2, 4 and 6 min decreased by 41.5, 54.7 and 59.0% respectively, compared to untreated samples. The washout fractions of DM and CP and degradation rate of the b fraction of CP decreased linearly (p<0.001) as irradiation time increased. Microwave irradiation for 2, 4 and 6 min decreased effective degradability (ED) of CP at a ruminal outflow rate of 0.05 $h^{-1}$ by 4.7, 12.3 and 21.0%, respectively. Microwave irradiation increased linearly (p<0.001) in vitro CP digestibility of ruminally undegraded CS collected after 16 h incubation. Electrophoresis results showed that napin subunits of untreated CS disappeared completely within the zero incubation period, whereas cruciferin subunits were degraded in the middle of the incubation period (16 h incubation period). In 4 and 6 min microwave irradiated CS, napin subunits were degraded after 4 and 16 h incubation periods, respectively, and cruciferin subunits were not degraded untile 24 h of incubation. In conclusion, it seems that microwave irradiation not only protected CP of CS from ruminal degradation, but also increased in vitro digestibility of CP. Moreover, microwave irradiation was effective in reducing glucosinolate and phytic acid contents of CS.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.19
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• pp.8051-8055
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• 2014

Background: A common genetic variant rs3757318, located in intron of C6orf97, was firstly identified to be associated with breast cancer (BC) risk by a genome-wide association (GWA) study. However, subsequent validation studies with different ethnicities have yielded conflicting results. Materials and Methods: We performed a meta-analysis to synthesize all available data for evaluating the precise effect of this variant on BC susceptibility. Results: A total of 8 articles containing 11 studies with 62,891 cases and 65,635 controls were included in this meta-analysis. When compared to the G allele, the rs3757318-A allele was significantly associated with BC risk with the pooled OR of 1.21 (95% CI=1.15 - 1.29, P<0.001) but with obvious between-study heterogeneity (P=0.040). Stratified analysis suggested that diversity of ethnicity along with control source may explain part of the heterogeneity. Similarly, significant associations were also identified in heterozygote, homozygote, dominant and recessive genetic models. Sensitivity and publication bias analyses indicated robust stability of our results. Conclusions: Our present meta-analysis demonstrated that the variant rs3757318 is associated with increased BC risk. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to clarify the underlying biological mechanisms.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.917-930
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate Raphanus sativus extracts to methane reduction in rumen. Five different levels of R. sativus extracts were used to investigate the most effective dosing level for the decrease of methane production in the rumen. The rumen fluid was collected from a cannulated one Hanwoo cow ($BW=450{\pm}30kg$) consuming 600 g/kg timothy and 400 g/kg concentrate. On fermentation day, rumen fluid was collected at 2 hr postfeeding R. sativus extracts was dosed to achieve final concentration of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9% respectively, to fermentation bottles containing the mixture of rumen fluid and McDougall's buffer and 300 mg of timothy was added as a substrate. The fermentation was conducted for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hr incubation time at $39^{\circ}C$ with shaking. In vitro ruminal pH values were measured normal range for ruminal fermentation. Dry matter disappearance was significantly higher (p<0.05) at 3 hr incubation time 1, 3 and 5% doses than that of control. The highest methane reduction was observed in 12 hr incubation time 5, 7 and 9%. The carbon dioxide emission was also significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of control at 12 hr incubation time 5, 7 and 9%. The total volatile fatty acid was no significant difference between control and all doses level at 12 and 24 hr incubation time. At 24 hr incubation time, the result of real-time PCR were indicated that M. archea was significantly lower (p<0.05) at all doses level comparing to that of control. In conclusion, R. sativus extracts were significantly decreased methane emission. R. sativus extracts were significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of control at 12 hr incubation time 5, 7 and 9% and no adversely effect in rumen pH, dry matter disappearance and total VFA.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.377-383
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• 1997

The effects of embryo number and incubation volume on the development of mouse embryos were evaluated. The growth rate of two-cell mouse embryos to attached blastocyst stage and the growth rate of blastocysts to early somite stage were assessed after culture in different incubation volumes and embryo densities. Embryos were collected from ICR female mice superovulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin and mated by ICR males. In experiment 1, groups of one, five, ten, twenty 2-cell embryos were cultured in 10-, 50-, 500-, 1000-${\mu}l$ drops of BWW media under mineral oil at $37^{\circ}C$ in a humidified atmosphere of 5% $CO_{2}$ and 95% air. As the incubation volume decreased, significantly (p<0.05) higher rates of embryos reached morular and blastocyst stage on day 3 and 4 culture, respectively. In experiment 2, groups of one, five, ten, twenty blastocysts were cultured in 1- and 2-ml volumes of CMRL 1066 media under same condition as in experiment 1. However the reverse was the result. Decreasing the number of embryos incubated per volume from 1 to 20 significantly (p<0.05) increased the number of blastocysts reaching the late egg cylinder (LEC) and early somite (ES) stage on day 6 and 8 culture, respectively, regardless of incubation volume. Blastocysts cultured in 2ml had higher (p<0.05) development rates to LEC and ES stage on day 6 and 8 culture, respectively, than embryos cultured in 1ml. Our results suggest that the effects of embryo number and incubation volume on the development of mouse embryos are stage specific and the shifting point was between hatching and EEC stage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 1996

Three stages of growth of Italian ryegrass (pre-blooming, P-B; early-blooming, E-B; and late-blooming, L-B) were used to evaluate the effect of maturity on in vitro digestion of dry matter, fiber components and gas production. The rumen digestibility and gas production values were obtained by incubation of each sample in the rumen fluid of sheep for 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hr, respectively. The results showed that digestibility of dry matter (DM) significantly reduced (p < 0.05) as advancing maturity of the grass. Similarly, the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) also significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with advancing maturity at all incubation times. However, the effect of maturity on digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose was only detected when the samples were incubated more than 36 hr, where L-B was lower than P-B and E-B. Potential digestibility of nutrients, the maximum digestibility attainable in the rumen theoretically, was also higher at P-B than those of E-B and L-B. The amount of gas produced by microbial fermentation was closely related to the extent of DM digestion, and it was negatively correlated with advancing maturity of the grass.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1994

With the rapid industrialization, an ever-increasing quantity and kind of new organic compounds pose environmental problems due to their toxicity and physiological effect. However, research on the biodegradation of these compounds under anaerobic condition is very limited inspite of its efficiency and economical advantage. In this research, the pH effect on the ring cleavage of phenol under anaerobic condition was investigated, and the theory of phase separation was applied to the degradation of phenol for investigating the role of acidogenic bacteria. Results, obtained from biochemical methane potential(BMP) assay for 15.5 days of incubation, showed that acidic condition was more desirable for phenol degradation than alkaline condition. By both unacclimated methanogenic granular sludge and two mixed cultures, phenol was completely removed within six weeks of incubation with a gas conversion rate of over 86% of theoretical one. However, phenol was not degraded by unacclimated acidogenic culture, and thus it is considered as a syntrophic substrate. In case of phase separated biochemical methane potential(PSBMP) assay, in which acidogenic and methanogenic culture were seeded separately and consecutively, those that had been subjected to normal acidogens for 3 to 4 weeks showed higher gas production than those seeded with sterile or frozen culture.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 1999

The relationships between the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) degradation by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and several relevant physicochemical environmental parameters were examined. At neutral pH of the cultures, the degradation of TNT proceeded to completion, whereas only about 50% of TNT was utilized when the cultures were adjusted to acidic pH. The effect of various co-substrates (e.g., glucose, fructose, acetate, citrate, succinate) on the degradation of TNT by the test culture of S. maltophilia was evaluated. The results indicated that, among the various co-substrates studies, the test culture that received 2 mM fructose degraded 100 mg/L of TNT completely within 20 days of incubation at ambient temperature, whereas partial degradation of TNT was observed in the test culture with acetate, citrate, or succinate as a co-substrate, respectively. In fact, fructose was the best co-substrate for TNT degradation in this experiment. The effect of supplemented nitrogens [e.g., (NH$_4$)$_2$,SO$_4$, NH$_4$Cl. urea] on the TNT degradation was monitored. All supplemented nitrogens in this study were inhibitory to TNT degradation. Addition of 1% Tween80 accelerated TNT degradation, and showed complete degradation of TNT within 8 days of incubation. Addition of yeast extract resulted higher growth yields, based on turbidity measurement, but it inhibited TNT degradation.

• Mycobiology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.194-199
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• 2005

Application of fertilizers such as urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP) and muriate of potash in soil adversely affected the spore germination of Arthrobotrys dactyloides. Amendment of soil with urea at the concentrations of 1.0%, 0.5% and 0.1 % completely inhibited spore germination and direct trap formation on the conidium, whereas muriate of potash delayed and reduced the spore germination even at the lowest concentration. DAP also inhibited spore germination at 1.0% concentration, while at lower concentration the percentage of spore germination was reduced. Application of neem cake at the concentration of 0.5% also inhibited spore germination after 24 h of amendment. The inhibitory effect of neem cake was reduced after 15 days of amendment, while after 30 days after amendment the inhibitory effect was completely lost and the spore germinated by direct trap as in unamended soil. Nematodes were not attracted to ungerminated spores after 24 h of amendment. After 15 days of amendment nematodes were attracted to agar blocks containing fewer germinated spores after 24 h of incubation but after 48 h of incubation large number of nematodes were attracted and trapped by the germinated spores with direct traps. After 30 days of amendment, larger number of nematodes were attracted and trapped by direct traps.