• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.221-228
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• 2009

Recently severity of ecological adaptation and climatic change due to global warming grows larger. According to the fourth report of IPCC in 2007, emission quantity of the earth greenhouse gas(GHGs) generated by activity of mankind increased with 80% since 1970. And it is forecasted that worldwide greenhouse gas will be increased with 25~90%(corresponding to $CO_2$) between 2000 and 2030. This increment of greenhouse gas($CO_2$) is expected to raise average temperature of the earth with the maximum $6.4^{\circ}C$, and sea surface with 59cm in 2090. Like this, destruction of environment by greenhouse gas is regarded as universal problem threatening the existence, not only the problem of one nation. Consequently, systematic correspondence to the global warming at the aspect of energy consumption is also needed in Korea. From the analysis result of 'Statistics of Energy Consumption' published by Green Korea in 2007, energy consumption increment of domestic universities was higher as many as 3.7 times than 22.5% of the whole energy consumption increment in our country. This says to be the direct example which shows that universities are huge sources of greenhouse gas emission. New constructing and enlarging buildings of each universities within campus are the most major reason for such a large increment of energy consumption in universities. The opinion that the possibility of causing energy waste and efficiency reduction is raised by increased buildings of universities has been propounded. That is, universities should make concrete goal and the plan for reducing emission of green house gas against climatic change, and should practice. Accordingly, there is the meaning that 2 aspects of environment-friendly design characteristics, that is application of energy utilizing technology, material usage of energy efficiency-side and environment-side, and introduction of natural element in the environmental aspect, were analyzed for facilities of university campus designed in environment-friendly point of view from initial stage of plan, and direction of environment-friendly design of university facilities in the future was groped in order to grasp environment-friendly design tendency of internal and external University facilities based on this analysis of this paper.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.550-555
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• 1999

The growth and spawning time of juvenile Ammodytes personatus were analyzed based on the daily growth increment in otolith reading of the sample caught in the coastal waters of Shinsudo, Sacheon from March 20 to May 1, 1988. Daily growth increment in otolith was formed once a day. The estimated spawning time ranged from November, 1987 to March, 1988. The von Bertalanffy growth model and the Gompertz growth model were expressed as, $TL=87.80(1-e^{-0.0074(t+10.79)})$ and $TL=72.59 e^{-1.8417\;e-0.0152t}$ respectively, where TL is total length in mm, t is age in day.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.31-35
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• 2000

The complex permeability, the complex permittivity and the reflection loss are investigated in the composite microwave absorbers which are mixed with the wasted Mn-Zn ferrite and the industrial cement. The cement has larger the complex permittivity than that of the rubber. The complex permittivity is decreasing with the increment of the mixing ratio of Mn-Zn ferrite to cement (F/C in weight) and the complex permeability is increasing with the increment of F/C. The maximum reflection loss is above -40 dB at all samples. The matching frequency is in the range of 1.3 GHz to 2.9 GHz and is decreasing with the increment of F/C from 1 to 3. The matching thickness is increasing with the increment of F/C. The wasted Mn-Zn ferrite and the cement is very useful material for the composite microwave absorber.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 2021

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the association between myocardial blood flow (MBF) quantified by dynamic CT myocardial perfusion imaging (CT-MPI) and the increments in heart rate (HR) after stress in patients without obstructive coronary artery disease. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively included 204 subjects who underwent both dynamic CT-MPI and coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Patients with more than minimal coronary stenosis (diameter ≥ 25%), history of myocardial infarction/revascularization, cardiomyopathy, and microvascular dysfunction were excluded. Global MBF at stress was measured using hybrid deconvolution and maximum slope model. Furthermore, the HR increments after stress were recorded. Results: The median radiation dose of dynamic CT-MPI plus CCTA was 5.5 (4.5-6.8) mSv. The median global MBF of all subjects was 156.4 (139.8-180.4) mL/100 mL/min. In subjects with HR increment between 10 to 19 beats per minute (bpm), the global MBF was significantly lower than that of subjects with increment between 20 to 29 bpm (153.3 mL/100 mL/min vs. 171.3 mL/100 mL/min, p = 0.027). This difference became insignificant when the HR increment further increased to ≥ 30 bpm. Conclusion: The global MBF value was associated with the extent of increase in HR after stress. Significantly higher global MBF was seen in subjects with HR increment of ≥ 20 bpm.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.17 no.5 s.78
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• pp.527-536
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• 2005

A method of reinforcement using external tendons has been found to be one of the effective techniques of reinforcement and its application is increasing. In this paper, the method to calculate the initial tendon force is proposed for the improvement of load-carrying capacity in existing steel-concrete composite bridges. An equation for the increment of tendon force was derived for tendon configurations and live load types, and the effect of reinforcement in a composite beam was numerically studied. The method to calculate the number of tendon and initial tendon force was presented by proposing the new method to calculate the rating factor, which considers the increment of tendon force. The method was shown to be effective for an existing steel-concrete bridge.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.161-187
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• 2001

Starting with the meaning of the word quality, diverse concepts connoted by the term are examined. Instead of a bathtub curve, the desirable shape of a failure rate covering the entire life of a good product, which might be called hockey-stick line, is introduced. From the hockey-stick line and the definition of reliability, two measurements are extracted. The terms reliability, failure rate, product life, and durability are explained. From the customer's standpoint, the concept of product quality is classified in five factors, according to related technology: performance, reliability, conformance to specifications, customer perception, and fundamentals advantage. The correlation of the five factors for a first-class product is discussed, Since the market share of a company is determined as the competition result of its product value, defined as product quality and price, the market share increase is derived mathematically from the increment of product value. The market share increase, $\Delta$S, can be calculated from the present market share, S, and the oriented relative value increment of new product, R, to the current product in the same company for the same market target: $\Delta$S : $\Delta$(1-S). R/(1+S.R). Finally, the importance of separating warranty cost from the profit equation for the durables is explained.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.787-790
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• 1997

This paper proposes a method which selects essential elements in a human evaluation model using the Choquet integral based on fuzzy measures, and applies the model to the evaluation of human interface. Three kinds of concepts are defined to select essential elements. Increment Degree implies the increment degree from fuzzy measures of composed elements to the fuzzy measure of a combined element. Average of Increment Degree of an element means the relative possibility of superadditivity of the fuzzy measure of each combined element. Necessity Degree means the selection degree of each combined element as a result of the human evaluation. A task experiment, which consists of a static work and two dynamic works, is performed by the use of some human interfaces. In the experiment, (1) a warning sound which gives an attention to subjects, (2) a color vision which can be distinguished easily or not, (3) the size of working area and (4) a response of confirmation that is given from an interface, are considered as human interface elements. Subjects answer the questionnaire after the experiment. From the data of the questionnaire, fuzzy measures are identified and are applied to the proposed model. Effectiveness of the proposed model is confirmed by the comparison of human interface elements extracted from the proposed model and those from the questionnaire.

• Proceedings of the International Microelectronics And Packaging Society Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.67-73
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• 2001

To investigate the relationships of solder joint characteristics with solder composition and A:V ratio (solder volume per pad area), Sn-37Pb and Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu solder balls with 330, 400, 450 and $457{\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ size were reflowed on same substrate. Sn-37Pb and Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu was reflowed at $220^{\circ}C$ and $240^{\circ}C$ respectively by IR-type soldering machine. As a result of reflowed solder- ball diameter(D) and height(H) measurement, D/H was decreased with solder ball size increment in range of 330~450 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. But, D/H was increased in the solder joint for 457 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ size, it was caused possibly by decrement of solder ball height increment compared with solder volume increment. As a result of shear and pull test, joint strength with A:V ratio was high. Joint strength of Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu was higher than Sn-37Pb. However, Sn-37Pb had more stable solder joint of small standard deviation. A thick and clean scallop type Ni-Cu-Sn intermetallic compound layer was formed in high A:V ratio and Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu solder joint interface.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.2223-2233
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• 1993

An engineering method is suggested to calculate the applied load versus crack extension in the elastic-plastic fracture. The condition for an increment of crack extension is set by a critical increment of crack-up opening displacement(CTOD). The ratio of the CTOD increment to the incremental crack extention is a critical crack-tip opening angle(CTOA), assumed to be constant for a material of a given thickness. The Dugdale model of crack-tip deformation in an infinite plate is applied to the method, and a complete solution for crack extension and crack instability is obtained. For finite-size specimens of arbitrary geometry in general yielding, an approximate generalization of the Dugdale model is suggested so that the approximation approaches the small-scale yielding solution in a low applied load and the finite-element solution in a large applied load. Maximum load is calculated so that an applied load attains either a limit load on an unbroken ligament or a peak load during crack extension. The proposed method was applied to three-point bend specimens of a carbon steel SM45C in various sizes. Reasonable agreements are found between calculated maximum loads and experimental failure loads. Therefore, the method can be a viable alternative to the J-R curve approach in the elastic-plastic fracture analysis.

• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.188-195
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• 1996

The AlSi etching process using the MERIE type reactor carried out with different process parameters such as C1$_{2}$ and N$_{2}$ gas flow rate, RF power and chamber pressure. The etching characteristics were evaluated in terms of etch rate, selectivity, uniformity and etched profile. As the N2 gas flow rate is increased, the AlSi etch rate is decreased and uniformity has remained constant within .+-.5%. The etch rate is increased and uniformity is decreased, according to increment of the C1$_{2}$ gas flow rate, RF power and chamber pressure. Selective etching of TEOS with respect to AlSi is decreased as the RF power is increased while it is increased by increment of the C1$_{2}$ gas flow rate and chamber pressure, on the other hand, selective etching of photoresist with respect to AlSi is increased by increment of the C1$_{2}$ gas flow rate and chamber pressure, it is decreased as the N$_{2}$ gas flow rate is increased.