• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.49-63
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• 2005

Objectives: The study was designed to assess the trends of the incidence of HIV among young people and their sexual risk-taking behaviors by gender in Korean college students. Methods: The cross-sectional study was used from college students from selected 60 among 208 4-year colleges and universities in 9 provinces and Seoul. A self-reported anonymous questionnaire administered and completed to a national representative sample of 4-year college students from May 15th to June 14th in 2003. We analyzed 2,385 cases. The overall response rate was 82.0%. Results: After controlling age effects, male students were more likely to be sexually experienced than female students(40.0% vs. 8.1%), OR=5.5, p<.000. The proportions of 19 years and before reported for initiation of sexual intercourse were 18.6% for males and 3.2% for females. Males reported significantly younger ages than females at initiation of sexual intercourse(p<.01). Only 14.8% of current sexually active subjects reported consistent use of contraceptive methods. After controlling age effects, male students reported a higher proportion of sexually experienced respondents with one or more casual partners(excluding a formal partner) during the last 12 months than women(38.8% vs. 22.2%), OR=2.2, p<. 05. Conclusion : This study can conclude that although males students initiate sex earlier and have higher percentage of sexual experience, the percentage of sexually experience female students has risen rapidly compared to the past. This data revealed a number of young people were at risk for HIV infection. Both genders are equally likely to have engaged in inconsistent condom use even though when they have a sex with an unknown partner. These findings suggest that practical sex education focused on using condom use should have been included in the school curricular. Educational and community interventions need to prevent sex-related problems.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2002

본 연구는 소비자의 광고반응에 있어서 자원-부합이론(resource-matching theory)을 근거로 하여 광고정보제공 형태 와 광고레이아웃에 따른 광고효과를 검증하였다. 기존연구에서는 사실적인 정보제공과 통합적인 레이아웃을 통해 광고를 쉽게 설계하는 것이 효과적이거나 또는 설명적인 정보제공과 분리적 레이아웃을 통해 광고를 어렵게 설계하는 것이 효과적일 것이라는 상반된 연구결과를 제시하고 있다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 이러한 광고설계스타일에 따른 효과가 정보처리동기수준이나 브랜드위계수준과 같은 변수들에 의해 상황적으로 다르게 나타날 것이라고 제시하고 있다. 분석결과에서 명성브랜드인 경우에는 사실적인 정보제공과 통합적인 레이아웃을 통해 광고를 쉽게 설계함으로써 소비자들이 스스로의 잉여자원으로 브랜드에 대한 우호적 추론을 광고반응에 결합시키는 것이 효과적이라고 제시하고 있다. 이와는 반대로 비 명성브랜드의 경우에는 설명적인 정보제공과 분리적 레이아웃을 통해 이해하는데 상당한 인지적 노력을 투여하게 함으로써 인지적 잉여자원을 통한 추론을 억제하고 광고자체에 몰두하도록 설계하는 것이 효과적이라고 제시하고 있다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.409-417
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• 2022

The International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) utilizes a questionnaire to investigate the status of Aids to Navigation (AtoN) around the world. However, results of the IALA questionnaire have limited use because respondent understanding is inconsistent. In addition, there is uncertainty regarding the appropriateness of the questionnaire content. Furthermore, the overall response rate is low. Therefore, the status of AtoN is not clearly understood. AtoN data from around the world are generated hourly. Thus, big data solutions are required to effectively exploit the information. Digitization of analog data is an important component of building big data. Hence, the IALA has developed a Maritime Resource Name (MRN) scheme and an information exchange standard. Here, we used the AtoN information exchange standard and designed an S-201-based big data construction process that could collect and manage global AtoN information. In this study, construction of an IALA AtoN portal was proposed as the core of the construction of the AtoN big data. The process was divided into three stages. IALA AtoN portal is developed by IALA with the goal to provide various meaningful statistical analysis results based on AtoN data while managing AtoN information around the world based on S-201. If an AtoN portal capable of constructing S-201-based big data is developed, then a data collection and storage system that can gather basic S-201 AtoN data from the IALA and global AtoN management agencies could be achieved. Furthermore, insightful statistical analysis of AtoN status worldwide and changes in manufacturing technology will be possible.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.157-167
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 국립축산과학원에서 보유하고 있는 토종닭 순계 12계통에 대한 계통 간 스트레스 반응 정도를 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 개체 별 스트레스 반응 정도 분석은 혈액으로부터 열 스트레스 단백질인 HSP-70, HSP-$90{\alpha}$, HSP-$90{\beta}$ 및 hydroxyl-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase(HMGCR)의 유전자 발현율과 텔로미어 함량을 반응 대상 표지로 하여 총 1,101수에 대해 정량 실시간 중합효소 연쇄반응법(real-time PCR)으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과 계통 간 HSP-70, HSP-$90{\alpha}$, HMGCR의 유전자 발현율과 텔로미어 함량의 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 암수 간에 있어서도 HSP-$90{\alpha}$, HSP-$90{\beta}$ 및 HMGCR의 발현율 차이를 나타내었다. 뿐만 아니라 닭의 연령 간에도 HSP-70 및 HSP-$90{\beta}$의 유전자 발현율과 텔로미어 함량의 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 계통 간 HSP 유전자 발현율과 텔로미어 함량 분석의 결과에 따라 공시 계통들 중 R, L, Y 계통들이 상대적으로 외부 스트레스에 강한 계통으로 보여지고, 반면 S, O, W 계통들은 스트레스에 민감한 계통들로 판단된다. 암수 간 스트레스 반응 정도에 있어 열 스트레스 단백질의 표지들 중 일부가 성 간 유의적 차이가 나타나지만 표지들 간 서로 상반된 결과를 보이고 또한 계통과 성 간의 상호작용이 있음에 따라 닭의 암수 간 스트레스 반응 정도의 차이는 없는 것으로 판단된다. 더불어 연령 간에도 일부 열 스트레스 유전자 발현도의 유의적 차이가 있었지만 표지들 간에 일관성이 없어 닭의 연령 간 스트레스 반응 정도의 차이는 없는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.291-297
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• 2005

Objectives : The effects of exercise on bone density have been found to be inconsistent in previous studies. We conducted a cross-sectional study in premenarcheal girls to test two hypotheses to explain these inconsistencies. Firstly,'the intensity of mechanical strain, in terms of the ground reaction force(GRF), has more important effects on the bone mass at a weight-bearing site', and secondly, 'calcium intake modifies the bone response to exercise'. Methods : The areal bone mineral density was measured at the Os calcis, using peripheral dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, in 91 premenarcheal girls aged between 9 and 12 years. The intensity of mechanical strain of exercise was assessed by a self-report questionnaire and scored by the GRF as multiples of body weight, irrespective of the frequency and duration of exercise. The energy and calcium intake were calculated from the 24-hour dietary recall. An analysis of covariance(ANCOVA) was used to determine the interaction and main effects of exercise and calcium on the bone density, after adjusting for age, weight, height and energy intake. Results : The difference in the bone density between moderate and low impact exercise was more pronounced in the high than low calcium intake group. The bone density for moderate impact exercise and high calcium intake was significantly higher than that for low impact exercise (p=0.046) and low calcium intake, after adjusting for age, weight, height and energy intake. Conclusions : Our study suggests that the bone density at a weight-bearing site is positively related to the intensity of mechanical loading exercise, and the calcium intake may modify the bone response to exercise at the loaded site in premenarcheal girls.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제85권2호
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• pp.155-164
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• 2022

Background: The remarkable efficacy of osimertinib in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with acquired T790M mutation has been widely documented in clinical trials and real-world practice. However, some patients show primary resistance to this drug. Even patients who initially show a favorable response have inconsistent clinical outcomes later. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify additional clinical predictive factors for osimertinib efficacy. Methods: A prospective cohort of patients with acquired T790M positive stage IV lung adenocarcinoma treated with osimertinib salvage therapy in Hallym University Medical Center were analyzed. Results: Sixty-one eligible patients were analyzed, including 38 (62%) women and 39 (64%) who never smoked. Their mean age was 63.3 years. The median follow-up after treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) was 36.0 months (interquartile range, 24.7-50.2 months). The majority (n=45, 74%) of patients were deceased. Based on univariate analysis, low baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (NLR), age ≥50 years, never-smoking history, stage IVA at osimertinib initiation, and prolonged response to previous TKIs (≥10 months) were associated with a significantly longer progression-free survival (PFS). Multivariate analysis showed that never-smoking status (hazard ratio [HR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-0.98; p=0.041) and a baseline NLR less than or equal to 3.5 (HR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.12-0.45; p<0.001) were independently associated with a prolonged PFS with osimertinib. Conclusion: Smoking history and high NLR were independent negative predictors of osimertinib PFS in patients with advanced NSCLC developing EGFR T790M resistance after the initial EGFR-TKI treatment.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제66권2호
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• pp.136-149
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• 2022

화학은 거시적인 현상에 대해 원자, 또는 분자와 같은 입자의 수준에서 설명하는 것을 중점에 둔다. 입자를 기반으로 한 설명은 눈에 보이지 않는 대상을 다룬다는 점에서 학생들에게 추상적으로 여겨질 수밖에 없다. 국가수준 교육과정에서는 이러한 이유로 물질을 구성하는 단위에 대한 설명을 중학생에게 처음 제시하고 있다. 따라서 중학생들이 갖는 물질의 구성에 대한 이해는 향후 화학 학습을 위한 중요한 기초가 되며, 학생들의 이해를 면밀하게 살필 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 중학교에서 처음 제시되는 '물질의 구성' 영역에 대한 학생들의 이해를 전반적인 수준에서 확인하였다. 이를 위해 국가수준 학업성취도 평가의 문항 중, 물질의 구성 영역에서 2015년부터 2019년까지 출제된 문항들의 결과를 분석하였다. 국가수준 학업성취도 평가에서 출제된 9개 문항의 답지 반응률과 성취도 점수에 따른 답지 반응률 분포 곡선을 중심으로 분석하고, 성취수준별로 보이는 이해의 특성을 살펴보았다. 원소와 원자 개념, 이온 개념에 대해 구분하여 살펴본 결과에 따르면, 보통수준 이상의 학생들은 전반적으로 과학적인 개념을 가지고 있었으나, 기초수준 이하 학생들은 일관적이지 않거나, 과학적이지 않은 개념을 가지고 있었다. 문항별 분석 결과를 토대로 '물질의 구성' 영역의 교수학습에서 고려해야 하거나 개선이 필요한 사항들에 대해 논의하였다.

• 약학회지
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.229-244
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• 2014

Background: Antibiotic skin test(AST) is very useful for the diagnosis of drug allergies to prevent immediate allergic reactions. Although it is a safe and widespread method, it is performed very diversely by doctors and nurses without consistency and it also differs from countries and hospitals. This study aims to evaluate the current practice of AST by nurses in Korea and to compare it to the general guidelines. Methods: During January 1, 2013 to May 20, 2013, the study was conducted as questionnaires and case-based survey. The questionnaires were given to the nurses who were randomly selected in various University Hospitals (University Hospitals N=276, and Medical center N=19). The case-based surveys were given to the nurses who were conducting AST at various wards of a University Hospital (N=130). The analysis and evaluations of the responses were carried out. Results: The response rate for the questionnaires was 97.6% and 130 cases of the actual case-based surveys were collected. There were clear differences between the survey results and the general guidelines, such as the method of skin test (skin prick test was not conducted), the method of patient selection for AST, test drugs, concentration, volume and interpretation of AST. AST conducted by nurses was highly variable and inconsistent, even among nurses who worked in the same wards and hospitals. Manufactured standard concentration antibiotic solution of AST showed consistency of concentration to a certain degree. Conclusion: Although the general guidelines have been published by several countries including Korea, these are not a great help to nurses as they lack details for conducting AST, practical consideration for nurses in the clinical setting, propagation and education. Standardized guideline for nurses should be published and it should be a safe, clear, comfortable and easily accessible protocol. Futhermore, additional antibiotic solutions to standardize skin test should be developed and manufactured. Lastly, it would be the pharmacists role to compare their hospitals antibiotic skin test methods with the standard guidelines and develop a protocol within the hospital for patients' safety, and to strive to consistently implement it.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.2915-2921
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• 2015

Background: Some recent clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate a combination of EGFR- TKI with chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC patients as second-line therapy, but the results on the efficacy of such trials are inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination of EGFR-TKI and chemotherapy for patients with advanced NSCLC who failed first-line treatment. Materials and Methods: We searched relative trials from PubMed, EMBASE, ASCO Abstracts, ESMO Abstracts, Cochrane Library and Clinical Trials.gov. Outcomes analyzed were overall response rate (ORR), progression- free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and major toxicity. Results: Seven trails eventually were included in this meta-analysis, covering 1,168 patients. The results showed that the combined regimen arm had a significant higher ORR (RR 1.76 [1.16, 2.66], p=0.007) and longer PFS (HR 0.75 [0.66-0.85], p<0.00001), but failed to show effects on OS (HR 0.88 [0.68-1.15], p=0.36). In terms of subgroup results, continuation of EGFR-TKI in addition to chemotherapy after first-line EGFR-TKI resistance confered no improvement in ORR (RR 0.95 [0.68, 1.33], p=0.75) and PFS (HR 0.89[0.69, 1.15], p=0.38), and OS was even shorter (HR1.52 [1.05-2.21], p=0.03). However, combination therapy with EGFR-TKI and chemotherapy after failure of first-line chemotherapy significantly improved the ORR (RR 2.06 [1.42, 2.99], p=0.0002), PFS (HR 0.71 [0.61, 0.82], p<0.00001) and OS (HR 0.74 [0.62-0.88], p=0.0008), clinical benefit being restricted to combining EGFR-TKI with pemetrexed, but not docetaxel. Grade 3-4 toxicity was found at significantly higher incidence in the combined regimen arm. Conclusions: Continuation of EGFR-TKI in addition to chemotherapy after first-line EGFR-TKI resistance should be avoided. Combination therapy of EGFR-TKI and pemetrexed for advanced NSCLC should be further investigated for prognostic and predictive factors to find the group with the highest benefit of the combination strategy.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.385-392
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• 2008

Purpose: The most effective methods of harvesting, preparing, and injecting autologous fat grafts have been inconsistent and conflicting. With its limitation as resorption in fat grafting, handling various techniques affect adipocyte survival, and is crucial to optimizing its long-term survival. To improve graft survival, re-implantation of cryopreserved adipocytes was developed. In addition, adipocytes do not induce immune rejection in response to non-self lymphocytes in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. The purpose of this study is to analyze the changes in cryopreserved adipocytes so as to determine the most efficient long-term storage period, and to analyze the changes in cryopreserved allografted adipocytes so as to determine the efficacy of cryopreserved adipocytes allografting. Methods: Fat tissues were harvested from the inguinal and retroperitoneal fat pad of mice. After the centrifugation of the harvested fat tissues, they were disintegrated with collagenase. The adipocytes were obtained by centrifugation of the disintegrated fat tissues. The adipocytes were treated as follows: (1) They were examined for weight and then frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$(n=25). For four months, each five frozen samples were taken and examined for weight and histologic changes in the 1st week, the 1st month, the 2nd month, the 3rd month, and the 4th month, respectively. (2) The adipocytes were immediately frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$(n=125). For four months, five frozen samples were taken, and allografted in the same time period as above. Finally, for four months, five cryopreserved allografted adipocytes were taken and examined for histologic changes in the same time period as above. Results: (1) Significant weight changes and histologic findings with inflammatory and destructive changes were observed in the cryopreserved adipocytes in three months. (2) Significant fat necrotic changes in the histologic changes with Hematoxylin and eosin stain were observed in the cryopreserved allografted adipocytes since the first week, independent of the freezing period. Conclusion: The study results show that the adipocytes that were cryopreserved for more than three months underwent obvious weight reductions and necrotic changes, and the adipocytes that were allografted without freezing were viable for four months, but the cryopreserved allografted adipocytes had obvious necrotic changes since the first week regardless of the freezing period.