• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.35-53
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• 1987

Multiply resistant Shigella strains isolated in Taegu area were subjected for the characterization of R plasmids. All strains isolated in 1984 and 1985 were susceptible to gentamicin, amikacin, and cephalothin, and most strains were susceptible to kanamycin (Km) and rifampin by agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility test. The resistance frequency of S. flexneri against ampicillin (Ap) was higher than that of S. sonnei. The strains resistant to sulfisomidine (Su) and trimethoprim (Tp) were found at higher frequency in S. sonnei than in S. flexneri. The most prevalent resistance pattern of S. flexneri was chloramphenicol (Cm) tetracycline (Tc) streptomycin (Sm) Ap, followed by the pattern of CmTcSmSuApTp, CmTcSmSuApTp nalidixic acid, and CmTcSmSuAp in the decreasing order. The antibiogram of CmTcSmSuTp was found to be the most frequent pattern in S. sonnei. The ratio of conjugal transfer of S. flexneri was 47% and 75% of S. sonnei. The average number of plasmid harboring in Shigella was 4 and the size of plasmid ranged 1.3 to 134 megadalton (Mdal). Most S. flexneri carried plasmids of 2 to 3 Mdal and S. sonnei carried those of 3 to 4 Mdal size. The sizes of conjugative plasmids ranged 40-90 Mdal. The incompatibility group (Inc) F II plasmids (54-59 Mdal) were most frequent and rare Inc B plasmids (60 Mdal) of isolates in 1979 and 1980 and Inc FI (87 Mdal) of 1983 isolates were able to be classified by the colony test with standard reference plasmids. The R plasmids of known Inc group were tested for the restriction endonuclease analysis. The pattern of plasmids digested by EcoRl were apparently different by the Inc group but there was no significant difference between species or by the resistance patterns. Nonconjugative plasmids and their phenotypes were identified by transformation test. The transformants were resistant to less than two drugs. Colicin producing transformants carried the Col plasmid of 3.7 or 3.9 Mdal size. $Ap^r$ plasmids derived from S. sonnei were found to be mobilized by transfer factor RT641 to E. coli #CS100. $Ap^r$ plasm ids of same size shared by S. flexneri, S. sonnei, and E. coli were digested with Pstl. All of them showed two restriction fragments of 2.8 kilobase(kb) and 0.7kb. Other plasmids ($Sm^r\;Su^r$) derived from S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei were digested with Pstl and they showed same restriction fragment patterns of 3.1kb and 2.9kb. The plasmid profiles of three strains of S. sonnei producing colicin and showing same resistance pattern of CmTcSmSuApTpKm appeared to be similar. Restriction patterns by EcoRl and the behavior of plasmids in conjugation or transformation process were also similar between those plasmids. The restriction patterns were significantly different between the plasmids of Inc FI group and those of unclassified Inc group.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.373-377
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• 2001

본 연구는 나팔나리(L. longiflorum) 'Gelria'(LG)와 자생 솔나리(L. cernuum, LC)와의 종간 교잡종을 육성할 목적으로 여러 가지 수분방법을 이용하여 수정 전 불화합성의 타파방법을 조사하였다. L. longiflorum 'Gelria'${\times}$L. cernuum의 교잡 수분 시 수분방법에 관계없이 모든 교배조합에서 착과가 이루어졌으며, 주두수분법에 비해 모든 화주절단수분법 처리구에서 착과율과 종자수가 높게 나타났다. 이들 중 화주를 2-3mm 남기고 자른 것과 화주를 모두 잘라버리고 자방기부에 수분시킨 처리구에서 각각 76.4%와 73.3%로 가장 높은 착과율을 나타내었다. 그러나 $LC{\times}LG$ 교잡에서는 전혀 착과되지 않았고 어떤 종자도 얻을 수 없었다. LG의 자가수분과 $LC{\times}LG$ 교잡에서는 속도에는 차이가 있었으나 수분 후 약 90시간 정도가 되면 자방까지 화분관이 신장하였다. 그러나$LC{\times}LG$ 교잡에서는 수분 후 90시간까지 자방에 도달하지 못하였고, 화주 중간에 선단이 비대되고 callose가 이상 집적된 기형적인 화분관이 많이 관찰되었다. 개화 후 수분시기도 착과율과 종자 형성률에 영향을 주었으며, 개화 후 3일에 수분하였을 때 가장 높은 종자수를 획득하였다. 주두 분비물질은 자방비대에는 영향을 미쳤으나, 수정배주수는 증가하지 않았다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.588-592
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• 2012

참느릅나무가 많은 쭉정이 시과를 생산하는 원인을 구명하고자 원주지역에서 생육하는 22그루의 참느릅나무 성목의 개화, 수분 및 시과특성을 3년간 조사하였다. 참느릅나무는 당년지 엽액에 양성화가 달리는 화서를 형성하고, 꽃은 웅예선숙, 자예선숙 및 웅예이숙 하는 등의 독특한 성 형태를 가지고 있었다. 참느릅나무는 대부분의 느릅나무속 수종들과는 달리 타가수분하며 부분적이나마 충매한다는 사실이 새롭게 밝혀졌다. 충실시과의 비율의 평균값은 연도별로 고도의 퉁계적 유의차가 인정되었으며, 2009년 65.6%로 가장 높았으며, 2010년 42.9%, 2011년 37.5%로 현저히 낮아졌다. 이는 화분비산에 영향하는 강수량이나 강우일수, 화아분화기인 봄철의 저온 등에 영향을 받은 것이라 사료된다. 이상의 결과를 통하여 참느릅나무는 자가불화합성을 지니고 수분실패로 많은 쭉정이시과를 생산하는 것이라 사료된다. 앞으로 쭉정이시과를 생산하는 주요 수목의 전략, 수분시스템 등에 대한 많은 연구가 필요할 것이라 판단된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.3265-3268
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• 2012

Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in consumer products, which have aroused many concerns and debates regarding their fate in biological systems from a point of their safety/toxicity. Although a number of studies on the biological effects of NPs have been published, these are often complicated by the possible toxicity of conventional NPs, caused by contamination with chemical precursors or additives during their synthesis and/or purification procedures. To explicitly understand the toxicity basis of NPs, it is necessary to directly address a main problem related to their intrinsic/inherent toxicity and/or incompatibility with biological objects. The present study is designed to take advantage of a novel laser-assisted method called laser ablation to generate Ag, Au, Co, and Cu NPs in biocompatible aqueous solution, and to evaluate the toxicity of the resulting ultra-pure NPs. Our results show that the ultra-pure NPs with nascent surfaces possess moderate cytotoxicity to human cells in a cell-dependent manner.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.67-94
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• 2020

This paper examines the current enforcement regime of Korea and provides an overview of the same with focus on the changes before and after the 2016 revision of the Korean Arbitration Act. It briefly studies the pro-arbitration bias of the New York Convention, as well as the Korean judiciary's stance on the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Some of the substantial issues discussed in the paper include the major procedural changes brought about by the 2016 amendment with respect to the enforcement of arbitral awards. The paper also discusses the rare instances where the Korean judiciary refused to recognize or enforce an arbitral award, and the reasoning behind the refusal. The paper discusses and analyzes four court judgments that reflect the Korean judiciary's position on the enforcement of foreign and domestic arbitral awards in Korea. It focuses on the NDS v. KT Skylife case, where the court of first instance refused the enforcement on grounds that the relief granted by the arbitral tribunal was not specific enough for enforcement. Ultimately, the appellate court, although agreeing on the specificity requirement, reversed the ruling and granted an enforcement judgment on grounds that the application for enforcement had the legal interest to request an enforcement judgment.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제68권
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• pp.43-63
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• 2015

The number of final appeal(the rate of final appeal: 43%) has been on the increase every year over the past ten years in Korea. The number of final appeal cases given to a justice of the Korean Supreme Court amounts to nearly one everyday, which makes it vulnerable to faulty decisions. Reversal rate of final appeal is as low as 10% with most of the cases being dismissed and hence the percentage of people having trust in the judiciary is merely 27%. In this context, the Korean judiciary has announced its plan to set up a final appellate court in the Supreme Court. The establishment of final appellate court, however, is not only against the Constitution but also hardly seen in other nations. It would only overexpand the Supreme Court. Furthermore, the final appellate court would end up deteriorating into the court of fourth instance and impose extra burden on the government as well as on the disputing parties. Therefore, it is necessary to upgrade the quality of the court by increasing the number of judges in the lower court and let them focus on the fact finding process. Facilitating the ADR(Alternative Dispute Resolution) process such as arbitration would help improve the structure of the judiciary. The incompatibility among the four values of the dispute resolution process(equitability, truth, quickness and efficiency) calls for building comprehensive judicial system in which disputes are settled by choosing either jurisprudence or utility.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.110.1-110
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• 2003

Control effect of grafting with rootstocks on Phythophthora blight of pepper was evaluated. The 40∼45 day old seedlings of five pepper cultivars, Wangdaeback, Jinmi, Boosa, Samsungcho and Pochunngchun, as a scion were grafted with ten species of root stocks. There wasn't graft incompatibility in all scion-root stock combinations. After 21 days from inoculation with Phytopkhora capsici, incidence of Phythophthora blight of plant grafted with Kataguruma, R-Safe, R-16, YCM 334 and SCM 334 of rootstocks tested was decreased by 64.6∼100％ compared to non-grafted plant whose disease severity was 3.7. However, plant grafted with Umsung native and Yeongdong native pepper was more sensitive to Phythophthora blight than non-grafed plant. Control effect by grafting was inversely proportional to virulence of inoculum and not significantly different among scion cultivars used. And resistant reaction of scion against Phytophthora blight was not affect that of scion-root stock plant in this study.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.91-97
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• 1979

Boundary layer equations (partial differential equations) can be transformed to ordinary diffential equations with constant coeffieients in terms of similarity transformed to ordinary differential equations with constant coeffieients in terms of similarity transformations in the heat tranfer analysis on the surface of any axiaymmetric boiles. The azimuth functions can not be uniquely determined because of the singular behavior at the stagnation point(X=0.deg.).In spite of the azimuth functions behaving singularly, many of researchers have analyzed the heat transfer problem on a horizontal chlinder or a sphere, supposing the set of solutions( $H_{1}$ & G$_{1}$) of being yieled from the simple differential equation to be unique solution of therazimuth functions. In order to ascertain whether mathematical incompatibility as mentioned above can be admitted in the viewpoint of enginerring or not, condensation heat transfer coefficients on a sphere are computed for all azimuth functions( $H_{1}$ G$_{1}$ & $H_{2}$ G$_{2}$) and comparisons with the experimental result are discussed.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제7권11호
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• pp.2676-2689
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• 2013

Due to increased consumption of energy in the building environment, the building energy management systems (BEMS) solution has been developed to achieve energy saving and efficiency. However, because of the shortage of building energy management specialists and incompatibility among the energy management systems of different vendors, the BEMS solution can only be applied to limited buildings individually. To solve these problems, we propose a building cluster based remote energy monitoring and management (EMM) system and its functionalities and roles of each sub-system to simultaneously manage the energy problems of several buildings. We also introduce a novel energy demand forecasting algorithm by using past energy consumption data. Extensive performance evaluation study shows that the proposed regression based energy demand forecasting model is well fitted to the actual energy consumption model, and it also outperforms the artificial neural network (ANN) based forecasting model.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.53-56
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• 1999

Fifty-three isolates of Fusarium graminearum were obtained from corn and barley samples in several provinces of Korea. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of trichothecenes produced by these isolates revealed that 37 and 16 isolates were nivalenol (NIV)- and deoxynivalenol (DON)-chemotypes, respectively. Two hundred and seventy-five nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants were obtained from the isolates. Of these mutants, 187 were identified as nit1, nit3, or NitM, but 88 could not be identified as one of these classes. The highest frequency of nit mutant was nit1 (65%), followed by nit3 (20%) and NitM (15%). Higher frequency of NitM was observed in DON-chemotypes than in NIV-chemotypes. The mutants were used for vegetative compatibility group (VCG) analysis by examining heterokaryosis using complementary mutant pairs. No heterokaryon formation was observed among all 1,248 pairwise combinations, suggesting that all isolates tested belong to different VCGs. Higher frequency of self-incompatibility was observed in NIV-chemotypes than in DON-chemotypes. These results suggest that the like-lihood of asexual genetic recombination may be very low I F. graminearum under the field condition.