• Composites Research
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.284-289
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• 2019

In the present paper, the dynamic force-moment equilibrium equations, driving power and energy equations are analyzed to formulate the equation for fuel economy(km/liter) equivalent to the driving distance (km) divided by the fuel volume (liter) of the vehicle, a selected model of gasoline powered KIA K3 (1.6v). In addition, the effects of the dynamic parameters such as speed of vehicle (V), vehicle total weight(M), rolling resistance ($C_r$) between tires and road surface, inclined angle of road (${\theta}$), as well as the aerodynamic parameters such as drag coefficient ($C_d$) of vehicle, air density(${\rho}$), cross-sectional area (A) of vehicle, wind speed ($V_w$) have been analyzed. And the possibility of alternative materials such as lightweight metal alloys, fiber reinforced plastic composite materials to replace the conventional steel and casting iron materials and to reduce the weight of the vehicle has been investigated by Ashby's material index method. Through studies, the following results were obtained. The most influencing parameters on the fuel economy at high speed zone (100 km/h) were V, the aerodynamic parameters such as $C_d$, A, ${\rho}$, and $C_r$ and M. While at low speed zone (60 km/h), they are, in magnitude order, dynamic parameters such as V, M, $C_r$ and aerodynamic ones such as $C_d$, A, and ${\rho}$, respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.19
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• pp.8265-8270
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• 2014

Background: Smoking tobacco is considered as a leading cause of preventable death, mostly in developing countries like India. One of the primary goals of international tobacco control is to educate smokers about the risks associated with tobacco consumption. Tobacco warning labels (TWLs) on cigarette packages are one of the most common statutory means to communicate health risks of smoking to smokers, with the hope that once educated, they will be more likely to quit the habit. Materials and Methods: The present survey was conducted to assess the effectiveness of TWLs in communicating health risks of tobacco usage among 263 adult smokers working as bus drivers in Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC), Mangalore, India. Information was collected on demographic details, exposure and response to health warnings on tobacco products, intention to quit and nicotine dependency. Results: The majority (79.5%) of the respondents revealed negative intentions towards quitting smoking. Nearly half of the participants had a 'low' nicotine dependency (47.5%) and 98.1% of the respondents had often noticed warning labels on tobacco packages. These health warnings made 71.5% of the respondents think about quitting smoking. Respondents who noticed advertisement or pictures about dangers of smoking had better knowledge, with respect to lung cancer and impotence as a consequence of tobacco. A higher exposure to warning labels was significantly associated with lower nicotine dependency levels of smokers among the present study population. A significantly higher number of respondents who noticed advertisement or pictures about the dangers of smoking thought about the risks of smoking and were more inclined to think about quitting smoking. As exposure increased, an increase in the knowledge and response of participants was also observed. Conclusions: Exposure to tobacco warning labels helps to educate smokers about health risks of tobacco smoking. It may be possible to promote oral health among bus drivers by developing strategies to educate them about these risk factors.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7329-7334
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• 2015

This is to analyze of driver behavioral and the accident characteristics in rollover. The study period was January 2011 to May 2014 and the subject of study was 102 person who were drivers visited the emergency room. Research tool includes a damage information of the vehicle, accident mechanism, damage to the patient clinical information with the injury data from the ROAD Traffic Authority. For data analysis, SPSS 18.0 was used for t-test, ANOVA and Chi-square test. Injury Severity Score average score according to the vehicle type is 6.00 points in the smaller vehicle, at high vehicle 11.78 points, from the other vehicle that showed 14.70 points. Significant differences between the three groups did not show (P=.267). Men did not use a seat belt significantly compared to women(P=.007). Vehicle type and weather, this was no correlation with whether or not use the seat belt(P=.755, P=.793). But showed a tendency to smaller size vehicles drivers do not use a seat belt, the weather could see a little more inclined to use a seat belt rather than a sunny day. Finally, in rollover accidents as in other types of accident it was confirmed that the seat belt has a great influence on the damage.