• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.826-839
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine science education researchers' views on what and how much science educational theories would be needed for pre-service science teachers, and to investigate the relationship between their views and the Examination for Appointing Secondary School Science Teachers(EASST). For this study, the views of science education professors on science education theories have been analyzed in terms of their priorities for contributing to the improvement of science teacher competency and literacy. Their views have been compared with proportions of questions related to science education theories of the EASST in terms of what kinds of science education theories have been used for solving each item. As results of this study show, they have perceived that more essential things are needed for the improvement of science teacher competency and literacy including science inquiry process, methods of experimental equipments and tools, laboratory safety, misconception of students, discussion, writing, evaluation of scientific knowledges, and evaluation of scientific inquiry ability other than science philosophy, changes of science curricula, science curricula of foreign countries, Bruner's instructional theory, Karplus's Learning Cycle model, generative learning model, discovery learning model, and Klopfer's taxonomy of educational objectives. There is a higher proportion of questions related to science curriculum and Ausubel's learning theory in the EASST. They are hardly correlated with science education professors' selections of science educational theories for EASST questions. This study advocates the needs of exploring a new method of narrowing down the gap between science educators' opinions and questions of ESSAT in terms of science educaiton theories.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.106-124
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• 2017

This study used the secondary Delphi method for experts, in order to propse a proper formation plan for the goal and curriculum of elementary and secondary invention/intellection property education. Its results are as following; First, the key objective of invention/intellectual property education for each school level is evaluated as appropriate. With regard to the key objective, elementary schools are aiming at 'fostering awareness and attitude for invention'(M=4.5), middle schools, 'understanding of invention process and method'(M=4.2), general high schools, 'application and evaluation of invention method'(M=4.1), and specialized high schools, 'understanding and application of Employee Invention'(M=4.6). The objective and goal of education for each school level are also evaluated as appropriate. Second, although the proper formation plans for a key learning element of elementary and secondary invention/intellectual property education were almost identical to an actual formation of preceding literature, overall change is required for the formation balance of each learning element, according to the objective and goal of school-leveled invention/intellectual property education. An appropriate formation shall be focusing on basic learning elements (A, B, C, D, E, and F) for elementary and middle schools(73.2%, 65.1%), lowering somewhat the former elements and increasing expanded learning elements for high schools(51.0%), which are connected to the invention, course(H), and patent application(K). Third, elementary and secondary invention/intellectual property education system should be oriented to its objective and goal. In order to reach this, an appropriate formation plan should be made for each school level, based on the principle of Tyler's learning organization, such as continuity, sequence and integration, which are key learning element. Specialized high schools, in particular, need to be differentiated from general ones, as well as elementary and middle schools. Additionally, for understanding and applying an employee invention, invention/intellectual property education system needs to be established in the phase of secondary occupational education.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.127-156
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• 2006

This paper introduced successful case studies of the EIP (Entrepreneurship Intensive Programs) programs that are planed by 5MBA (Small and Medium Business Administration) and executed by Hoseo University and Jinju National University in 2004. Therefore, the illustrations and examples used in this paper are based on the EIP programs of those schools. Currently there are five graduate schools for Entrepreneurship educations that are originated from the EIP program models and those graduateschools are actively and successfully working. The purpose of this paper is to find out the diffusing strategies of the Entrepreneurship spirits and Entrepreneurship Education programs after careful analysis and review of the EIP programs. The main factors of the Success of the EIP are as follows. First, there were excellent modules of the education process. Second, there were firm and clear goals of the education. Three, there were differentiated contents of the entrepreneurship education programs. Four. each and every education performance was monitored. Five, during the programs, real start-up cases were actually handled and students had many opportunities to present their cases. However, there were some shortcomings to improve and change of the entrepreneurship education. First of all, it was very difficult to make proper education formation that is fit in the purpose of the program. Second, motivating students to find out their own business opportunities so as to turn them into real business was not satisfactory or easy. Third, there were some limitations in distributing and executing the EIP budgets. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of the Entrepreneurship education, following expanding strategies should be complemented. First, continuous redesigning of the entrepreneurship education programs is very important. Second, the specialization of the contents of the entrepreneurship education programs is essential. Third, there should be some discretionary room for the management of the entrepreneurship programs. Fourth, it is also important activating the entrepreneurship networks among schools of the entrepreneurship education. Finally, it is necessary to give some incentives and motivations based on the proper performance evaluation system.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2 s.32
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• pp.337-393
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and standardize the four scales of Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification 　II (QSCCII). QSCCII is newly prepared by statistical item analysis and is designed to examine its diagnostic discriminability. QSCCII is administered to 1366 random informants. From the survey, we could get the data for the standardization. The criteria of standardization are based on the data from 265 informants who are examined by professionals. Collectted data are analyzed by internal consistency, variation analysis(ANOVA), Duncan test and discrimination analysis of SPSS PC+ V4.0 program. The results are as follows reliability of four scales for QSCCII is relatively valid. The internal consistency of Tae-yang(太陽) (太陽) scale is Cronbach's a=0.5708. That of So-yang(少陽) scale is a=0.5708. That of Tae-eum(太陰) scale is a =0.5922. That of So-eum(少陰) scale is a=0.6319. 2. There is a significant difference between each group through variation analysis of four scales. 3. The process of standardization is based on the average value and standard deviation with respect to age and sex difference of each criteria 4. This study suggests a source of standardization of Sasang Constitution Classification by providing norms in which the differences of age, sex, and number of items are taken into deep consideration. QSCC Ⅱ, therefore, can be applied to every age(the 10's to the 60's) and sex groups. 5. The recalculation of the raw-score to standard value (T-score) shows that the diagnostic discriminability (Hit-ratio: 70.08%) of QSCC Ⅱ brings about 37% improvement than proportional chance criteria (33.33%). Especially, Hit-ratios of Tae-eum In(74.5%) and So-eum In(70.8%) are higher than that of So-yang In(60.0%). 6. QSCC has discriminability only to male informants. Compared with QSCC, however, QSCC II has relatively efficient discriminability both to male and female informants. 7. These results would be a demonstration of the fact that the QSCC II could be used as a tool for sasang constitution classification.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.239-254
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• 2016

The Hwangto cave is a sea cave which is located near shore in the Taeha-ri, Ulleung Island, being composed of the reddish tuff wall rock, the topic of this study, and the trachyte ceiling rock. The chemical compositions of the red tuff layer are 49.81-63.63% of $SiO_2$, 13.05-24.91% of $Al_2O_3$, 2.67-5.82% of $Fe_2O_3$, 2.87-6.92% of $Na_2O$, 2.37-3.85% of $K_2O$, 0.55-0.81% of $TiO_2$, 0-0.53% of MnO, 0.39-1.75% of MgO, and 0.60-1.40% of CaO with a pH ranging from 4.5 to 8. The reddish tuff are composed of 23.7-39.4% of anorthoclase, 16.9-33.3% of sanidine, 15.8-26.1% of illite, 5.1-9.0% of hematite, 0-3.7% of goethite, 6.9-9.9% of titanium oxide, and 0.9-9.5% of halite in mineral composition. Although it only includes anorthoclase, sanidine, and illite as major minerals, there can be additional vitric minerals that could not detected by the XRD. The mineralogy and textures of the tuff layer indicate that it became reddish due to the formation of amorphous palagonite and the oxidation of the iron as a heat from the trachytic lava affects the underlying tuff to altered. This iron oxides are enriched in the palagonite, or form microcrystalline or amorphous minerals. We thus suggest that the red tuff layer was generated by the combination of the thermal oxidation involved in the trachytic lava flow on the tuff layer, the palagonitization of the matrix of the tuff, and the oxidation of iron-bearing minerals.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.349-354
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• 2009

In this study, a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor was used to study $CO_2$ capture from flue gas using a potassium-based dry sorbent. A dry sorbent, manufactured by the Korea Electric Power Research Institute, consists of 35% of $K_2CO_3$ for $CO_2$ absorption and 65% of supporters for mechanical strength. $H_2O$, a reactant of the carbonation reaction, was supplied in the reactor as a form of saturated water vapor at a given temperature. The experiment of the regeneration reaction was performed by raising up to a given temperature using $N_2$ as a fluidization gas. It was indicated that sorption capacity and regenerability of dry sorbents showed high-efficiency at $1.97\;mol\;H_2O/mol\;CO_2$ and $400^{\circ}C$, respectively. The regenerated sorbent samples were analyzed by TGA to confirm the extent of the reaction. When the regeneration temperature was $150^{\circ}C$, the regenerability of dry sorbents was about 60%, which was capable of applying those sorbents to a two-interconnected fluidized-bed reactor system with continuous solid circulation. The results obtained in this study can be used as basic data for designing and operating a large scale $CO_2$ capture process with two fluidized-bed reactors.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.19B no.2
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• pp.123-126
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• 2012

This paper proposed a method to separate a liver into left and right liver lobes for simple and exact volumetry of the river graft at abdominal MDCT(Multi-Detector Computed Tomography) image before the living donor liver transplantation. A medical team can evaluate an accurate river graft with minimized interaction between the team and a system using this algorithm for ensuring donor's and recipient's safe. On the image of segmented liver, 2 points(PMHV: a point in Middle Hepatic Vein and PPV: a point at the beginning of right branch of Portal Vein) are selected to separate a liver into left and right liver lobes. Middle hepatic vein is automatically segmented using PMHV, and the cutting line is decided on the basis of segmented Middle Hepatic Vein. A liver is separated on connecting the cutting line and PPV. The volume and ratio of the river graft are estimated. The volume estimated using 2 points are compared with a manual volume that diagnostic radiologist processed and estimated and the weight measured during surgery to support proof of exact volume. The mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation of the differences between the actual weights and the estimated volumes was $162.38cm^3{\pm}124.39$ in the case of manual segmentation and $107.69cm^3{\pm}97.24$ in the case of 2 points method. The correlation coefficient between the actual weight and the manually estimated volume is 0.79, and the correlation coefficient between the actual weight and the volume estimated using 2 points is 0.87. After selection the 2 points, the time involved in separation a liver into left and right river lobe and volumetry of them is measured for confirmation that the algorithm can be used on real time during surgery. The mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation of the process time is $57.28sec{\pm}32.81$ per 1 data set ($149.17pages{\pm}55.92$).

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.751-775
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• 2006

In this paper, we suggested an avatar control technique using the high-level behavior. We separated behaviors into three levels according to level of abstraction and defined layered scripts. Layered scripts provide the user with the control over the avatar behaviors at the abstract level and the reusability of scripts. As the 3D environment gets complicated, the number of required avatar behaviors increases accordingly and thus controlling the avatar-object behaviors gets even more challenging. To solve this problem, we embed avatar behaviors into each environment object, which informs how the avatar can interact with the object. Even with a large number of environment objects, our system can manage avatar-object interactions in an object-oriented manner Finally, we suggest an easy-to-use user interface technique that allows the user to control avatars based on context menus. Using the avatar behavior information that is embedded into the object, the system can analyze the object state and filter the behaviors. As a result, context menu shows the behaviors that the avatar can do. In this paper, we made the virtual presentation environment and applied our model to the system. In this paper, we suggested the technique that we controling an the avatar control technique using the high-level behavior. We separated behaviors into three levels byaccording to level of abstract levelion and defined multi-levellayered script. Multi-leveILayered script offers that the user can control avatar behavior at the abstract level and reuses script easily. We suggested object models for avatar-object interaction. Because, TtThe 3D environment is getting more complicated very quickly, so that the numberss of avatar behaviors are getting more variableincreased. Therefore, controlling avatar-object behavior is getting complex and difficultWe need tough processing for handling avatar-object interaction. To solve this problem, we suggested object models that embedded avatar behaviors into object for avatar-object interaction. insert embedded ail avatar behaviors into object. Even though the numbers of objects areis large bigger, it can manage avatar-object interactions by very efficientlyobject-oriented manner. Finally Wewe suggested context menu for ease ordering. User can control avatar throughusing not avatar but the object-oriented interfaces. To do this, Oobject model is suggested by analyzeing object state and filtering the behavior, behavior and context menu shows the behaviors that avatar can do. The user doesn't care about the object or avatar state through the related object.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.17-30
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• 1978

Press drying was used on italian poplar (Populus euamericana) to find the profitable means of drying. This study was designed to investigate the process of platen drying considering core temperature, drying time, current moisture content, drying rate, shrinkage and recovery, and green volume specific gravity, equilibrium moisture content and dimensional stability of press dried material and air dried material, The drying tests were conducted using 1.5 centimeter thick material at platen temperature of $175^{\circ}C$. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Core temperature was divided into three stages of drying characterized by period initial heating, plateau temperature and rising core temperature. Plateau temperature was 114 to $119^{\circ}C$. 2. The following predicting equations of drying time(y) in different core temperatures were developed for initial thickness($x_1$), initial moisture content ($x_2$) and final moisture content ($x_3$) 3. The predicting equaltion of current moisture content(u) was log u=4.658-0.060t as funtion of drying time(t) and that of drying rate(r) was log r=-2.797-0.049t. Current moisture content and drying rate of air drying were shown in figure 2. 4. The predicting equation of shrinkage in thickness direction(y) was log y=1.933+0.038t as function of drying time(t), and that of expansion in width direction was $y=-0.692+0.043t-0.001t^2$. 5. Thickness shrinkage was increased more than proportional at to pressure increase. Width shrinkage and thickness recovery was greatest at 35psi. 6. Green volume specific gravity of press dried material was 25% greater than that of air dried material. But equilibrium moisture content of press dried material was less 24% than that of air dried material. Antishrinkage efficiency of press dried material were obtained 27.7%.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.65-79
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• 1992

This study is concerned with the optimal design of two hinged steel arches with I cross sectional type and aimed at the exact analysis of the arches and the safe and economic design of structure. The analyzing method of arches which introduces the finite difference method considering the displacements of structure in analyzing process is used to eliminate the error of analysis and to determine the sectional force of structure. The optimizing problems of arches formulate with the objective functions and the constraints which take the sectional dimensions(B, D, $t_f$, $t_w$) as the design variables. The object functions are formulated as the total weight of arch and the constraints are derived by using the criteria with respect to the working stress, the minimum dimension of flange and web based on the part of steel bridge in the Korea standard code of road bridge and including the economic depth constraint of the I sectional type, the upper limit dimension of the depth of web and the lower limit dimension of the breadth of flange. The SUMT method using the modified Newton Raphson direction method is introduced to solve the formulated nonlinear programming problems which developed in this study and tested out throught the numerical examples. The developed optimal design programming of arch is tested out and examined throught the numerical examples for the various arches. And their results are compared and analyzed to examine the possibility of optimization, the applicablity, the convergency of this algorithm and with the results of numerical examples using the reference(30). The correlative equations between the optimal sectional areas and inertia moments are introduced from the various numerical optimal design results in this study.