• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2019

This study monitored changes in the level of heterotrophic bacteria in the filtrate and investigated the effect of stagnant water on it, using a batch-operated, gravity-driven membrane system for household water treatment. The filtration test was carried out in the presence and absence of stagnant water in the filtrate line. The results showed that stagnant water accelerated the heterotrophic bacteria levels, measured by heterotrophic plate count, even though the heterotrophic plate count of the filtrate finally increased up to $10^5CFU/mL$ regardless of the presence of stagnant water. When the change in heterotrophic plate count of a batch was monitored over filtration time, heterotrophic plate count of the filtrate rapidly decreased within 5 min for each batch filtration. Biofilm formation on the filtrate line was observed in the presence of stagnant water. The biofilm fully covered the filtrate line and contained numerous microorganisms. During storage after filtration, heterotrophic plate count increased exponentially. To improve the filtrate quality of a filtration-based household water treatment system, therefore, the stagnant water in the filtrate line should be minimized, the filtrate produced at the first 5 min is recommended not to be used as potable water, and the storage of filtrate should be avoided.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.723-734
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• 2010

With a belief of high water quality production and less chemical usage, membrane technology including Microfiltration (MF), Ultrafiltration (UF), and Nanofiltration(NF) is being employed more and more in drinking water treatment process. However, due to higher energy consumption of UF and NF, MF is normally used for drinking water treatment especially in a plant of large scale. In this investigation, performance ofsand filtration and membrane filtration was compared regarding removal of various water quality parameters, such as TOC, DOC, KMnO4 consumption, THMFP, and HAAFP. Two lines of pilot plant have been operated, one of which line is a traditional advanced water treatment process which includes sedimentation, sand filtration, ozonation, and activated carbon, and the other line is an alternative treatment process which includes sedimentation with inclined plate, MF membrane, ozonation, and activated carbon. For the first about 4months of period, MF filtration showed similar or little bit higher performance than sand filtration. However, after about 4month later, sand filtration showed much higher performance in removing all parameters monitored in the investigation. It was found that sand filtration is a better option than MF filtration as far as microbial community is fully activated in sand filter bed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.555-561
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• 2023

A study is to predict the effective pulsing distance following to the pulsing pressure, nozzle diameter, filtration velocity using numercial analysis techniques and use it as an efficient operation condition and economic data for on-line type pulse air jet bag filter. Filtration area 6 m² condition, calculate filter resistance coefficient for simulation through the primary experiments using coke dust. For CFD simulation, analysis pulsing characteristics about nozzle diameter, filtration velocity and pulsing pressure. The maximum pulsing length of on-line type pulse air jet bag filter, in 10mm nozzle, filtration velocity 1.5m/min and pulsing pressure 5 bar conditions, is 2,285 mm, maximum length is 76.2% of the total filter bag, which is sufficient to pulsing. In 12mm nozzle, pulsing pressure 5 bar and filtration area 1.22 m² conditions, the maximum pulsing length of on-line type pulse air jet bag filter is 1,744~2,952 mm, and the maximum length is 2,952 mm indicates pulsing air can be reached to the bottom of filter bag. When the nozzle diameter is increased 8mm to 10mm, maximum pulsing length is extended 40~47%, and increased 10mm to 12 mm, maximum pulsing length is extended 10~17%. For effective pulsing, over the 5bar of pulsing pressure and larger than 10 mm of nozzle diameter are required.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.522-528
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• 2004

Microfiltration with in-line rapid coagulation for drinking water production was examined. The in-line rapid coagulation was conducted using newly developed mixing device instantaneous flash mixer. The flux decline during membrane filtration was monitored with coagulant dosage varied. Flux decline was minimized at 1.1mg/L of coagulant dosage, where streaming potential of coagulated water was near zero. The optimum dosage for the process control was explained by dimensionless distance (${\kappa}{\times}a$) of particle pairs, obtained from electrophoresis parameter describing electrostatic repulsion relative to Van der Waals energy between particle pairs in the pre-coagulated water.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 2008

Cake resistance is influenced by floc size deposited on membrane surface. Enlarging floc size can reduce cake resistance. The small particles are enlarged by coagulation and flocculation process in conventional mixing tank at membrane filtration system. Fully-grown flocs for reducing the cake resistance, however, are ruptured while passing through a pump. In light of this fact, this study aims to experimentally look at the reaggregation phenomenon of mixing system. In addition, reaggregation phenomenon of mixing system is compared with first-aggregation of in-line injection system in which coagulant is injected just before a pump. These results suggest that first-aggregation of in-line injection system is better than reaggregation of mixing system for G-value above $3100sec^{-1}$. Since G-value in pipe of actual membrane filtration system are usually larger than $3100sec^{-1}$. The performance of in-line injection system is expected to be better than the conventional mixing tank system.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.185-199
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• 2017

Low-pressure membrane filtration is increasingly used for tertiary treatment of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM), mainly comprising organic base/neutral compounds. In-line coagulation with underdosing, charge neutralization, and sweep floc conditions prior to ultrafiltration (UF) was studied to determine removals of the EfOM components and consequent reduction of fouling using polyethersulfone membranes. Coagulation and UF substantially reduced fouling for all coagulation conditions while removing from 7 to 38% of EfOM organic acids. From 7 to 16% of EfOM organic base/neutrals were removed at neutral pH but there was no significant removal for slightly acid coagulation conditions even though fouling was substantially reduced. Sweep floc produced the lowest resistance to filtration but may be inappropriate for in-line use due to the large added volume of solids. Charge-neutralization resulted in poor recovery of the initial flux with hydraulic cleaning. Under-dosing paralleled sweep floc in reducing hydraulic resistance to filtration (for sub-critical flux) and the initial flux was also easily recovered with hydraulic cleaning. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic base/neutrals were identified on the fouled membranes but as previously reported the extent of fouling was not correlated with accumulation of organic base/neutrals.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.157-174
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• 2013

The present study is devoted to the validation of a new method for in line electrokinetic characterisation of deposits on membrane surfaces. This method is based upon simultaneous measurements of transversal streaming potential and permeates flux at constant pressure before and during the deposit formation. Dead-end filtration experiments were conducted with negative flat membranes forming a narrow slit channel, negative hollow fiber membranes and mono-dispersed suspensions of (negatively charged) polystyrene latex and (positively charged) melamine particles at various concentrations. It was observed that the overall streaming potential coefficient increased in absolute value with the deposited latex quantity, whereas it decreased and changed of sign during the filtration of melamine suspensions. By considering a resistance-in-series model, the streaming potential coefficient of the single deposit ($SP_d$) was deduced from the electrokinetic and hydraulic measurements. The independence of $SP_d$ with respect to growth kinetics validates the measurement method and the reliability of the proposed procedure for calculating $SP_d$. It was found that $SP_d$ levelled off much more quickly when filtration was performed through the slit channel. This different behaviour could result from a non-uniform distribution of the deposit thickness along the membrane given that the position of measuring electrodes is different between the two cells.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.230-237
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• 2006

The operational parameters and control strategies of a tertiary wastewater treatment process a biological filtration system were investigated. The biological filtration system consisted of a nitrification filter (Fiter 1) and a polishing filter with anoxic and aerobic parts (Filter 2). SS, T-C-BOD, and T-N in effluent were kept stable at less than 3, 5 mg/L, and 5 mgN/L, respectively, under a HRT in Filter (filter-bed) of 0.37~2.3 h. T-N at the outlet of Filter 2 were about 1~5 mgN/L under the condition of LV of 50~202 m/d. Methanol addition was controlled based on the COD/N ratio or McCarty's equation. Constant COD/N ratio control results in excess addition under large diurnal fluctuation of $NOx^--N$, and McCarty's equation can be used to add appropriate amount of methanol. Control of methanol addition by on-line nitrate measurement, control of aeration by on-line DO measurement, and control of backwashing by head loss measurement are successfully operated. These results proved that this process prove the easy-maintenance and cost-effectively treatment is attainable.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.333-339
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• 2010

Particle removal is an important step taken at water treatment plants (WTPs) for the safety of tap water due to its proportionality to the pathogen inactivation. Government promulgated a treatment technique for the optimization of filtration including continuous turbidity monitoring using on-line turbidimeters. Based on the turbidity measurements of 460 filters at 31 WTPs operated by K-water, the evaluation of filtration performance and the investigation of major causes related to particle breakthrough were explored. 98.1 % of the filters had an effluent turbidity measurement which was less than 0.1 NTU, but turbidity breakthrough of more than 0.3 NTU was noticed occasionally which is in violation of AWWA 5-Star guidelines. It was shown that the optimization of coagulation, filter-to-waste, the observance of optimal filtration velocity and backwashing process based on filtrate turbidity were crucial for the improvement of filtrate.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.55-62
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• 1997

In Japan, the membrane filtration is becoming a common technology for municipal water supply system especially for small plant. 6 years before (1991), the national research project of membrane filtration for small plant has started. The project was named as "MAC 21", MEMBRANE AQUA CENTURY 21. In the project the Ministry of Health and Welfare, 8 universities and 18 water treatment plant companies have been involved. This was the first attempt to research a common theme in joint with government, universities and private companies. After three years, the guide line for membrane filtration application for small plant has been established. This has promoted to install some actual plant. And also, another joint research for "RESEARCH OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION FOR ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT" has started in 1994 and completed in March, 1997. The project was named as MAC21. In the former project the main objectives were removal of turbidity and bacteria from water. However, in new project the objective was establishment of the further advanced membrane filtration technology which would be applicable for trace chemical components removal such as tri-halo-methane pre-courser, agricultural chemicals removal, offensive smell and taste removal and virus removal. For the objectives, application of nanofiltration and hybrid-system, a combination of micro-filtration ultra-filtration with biological, ozone and activated carbon treatment process have been studied. In addition, application of membrane filtration for treatment of back-wash waste water originated from membrane filters and conventional sand filters has.been studied. At the end of March of this year, about 30 membrane filtration plants are actually supplying the water, the total treatment capacity is about 6,000 m$^{3}$/day and another 20 will be installed within one year.led within one year.