• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.153-156
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sea urchin shell powder on nitrogen characteristics in poultry litter by assigning ninety 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Arbor Acres) to one of 3 treatments (control, 1% sea urchin shell powder, and 1% feed additives) in 3 replicates of 10 birds each. For all treatments, the overall dry matter contents were decreased (P < 0.05) as time increased, except for at 1 week. When compared with controls, the dietary sea urchin shell powder and feed additives for 0 and 3 weeks did influence their TN contents, but not for 1, 2 and 4 weeks. The treatments with sea urchin shell powder and feed additives had a significant (P < 0.05) influence on $NH_3$-N in poultry litter compared with controls. However, at 4 weeks, no marked differences were observed in $NH_3$-N contents among treatments. Treatments with 1% sea urchin shell powder might enhance the value of poultry litter as N fertilizer.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2022

Dietary fiber is considered a feed ingredient with high nutritional value in the broiler feed industry. Pine chips contain a large amount of dietary fiber and require some modification for use as broiler feed. In this study, pine chips were subjected to steam explosion under different severity factor (Ro) conditions to improve the chemical and physical properties of dietary fiber. The highest water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and swelling capacity were found for Ro 4.0, followed by Ro4.5 and 3.5. The optimal condition for the steam explosion was determined to be Ro 4.0 (reaction temperature of 210℃, and reaction time of 6.0 min). Under these conditions, the water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and swelling capacity of steam-exploded pine chips were 8.3 g/g, 6.5 g/g, and 5.0 mL/g, respectively. This study may contribute to the application of lignocellulose and related products in the broiler feed industry.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.379-383
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP) contents from hanwoo manure using probiotics to feed and manure additives during 5 weeks. A total of 45 hanwoo(24 months old) with averaging $580{\pm}20$ kg in weight were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 3 replicates per treatment(5 hanwoo per pen, $5{\times}8m$). The treatment were supplemented, control, T1(10 kg roughage + 2 kg concentrate(2% probiotics as-fed basis)), and T2(10 kg roughage + 2 kg concentrate(2% probiotics as-fed basis) + 7 kg probiotics on the surface of hanwoo manure (top-dressing)). During the experimental period, there were statistically significant differences(P<0.05) in pH values at 3 and 5 weeks; TN contents at 5 weeks; and SRP contents at 5 weeks in all treatments. Adding probiotics to feed or feed and manure increased manure pH in comparison with controls. As time increased, changes in TN contents decreased in the order: T2 > Control > T1. Especially, the reduction in SRP contents in all treatments at 5 weeks was in following order: T1 > T2 > Control. This result suggests that it is possible to make efficient use of probiotics as feed and manure additives for reducing environmental pollution or to provide fundamental information on livestock managements to producers.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2011

This feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of various additives on growth performance, hematological parameters, fatty acid composition, gene expression and histopathological changes in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Eleven isonitrogenous (49% crude protein) and isolipidic (10% crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated: no additives (Con); 5% kelp meal (Ke); 10% krill meal (Kr); 1% garlic powder (Ga); 1% citrus meal (Ci); 3% onion powder (On); 1% ginger powder (Gi); 1% mugwort powder (Mu); 1% licorice powder (Li); 1% wasabi powder (Wa); and a mixture (Mix) of these additives. Three replicate groups of juvenile flounder (average weight of 8.5 g) were fed one of the experimental diets to visual satiety twice a day for 15 weeks. The dietary inclusion of additives did not affect survival, weight gain, specific growth rate feed efficiency, daily feed intake, daily protein intake, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index and visceralsomatic index of the fish. Plasma triglyceride levels were significantly lower in fish fed the Ke, Ga, On, Gi, Mu, Li, and Mix diets than in fish fed the control diet. Plasma glucose, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and total cholesterol did not differ among dietary treatments. No significant difference was observed in fatty acid composition and lipid content of the dorsal muscle in fish fed the experimental diets. Myosin gene expression did not differ significantly among treatments after 5 weeks but was significantly lower in fish fed the Kr, Ci, Li, and Mix diets than in control group after 15 weeks. Histopathological analysis showed mild gill hyperplasia and mild necrosis of liver parenchymal cells in several individuals of each experimental group. These conditions were also observed in the control group and were not thought to be related to the inclusion of feed additives. The present findings indicate that the dietary inclusion of additives did not affect growth performance, fatty acid composition, gene expression, and histopathological changes in juvenile flounder. However, plasma triglyceride content may be reduced by supplementation with 5% kelp meal, 3% onion powder, 1% garlic powder, 1% ginger powder, 1% mugwort powder, and the additive mixture.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.257-261
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• 2009

Two feeding trials were conducted to investigate the effects of several dietary additives on growth and feed utilization of juvenile flounder. In the first experiment, three replicate groups of juveniles (average weight 1.5 g) were fed diets with or without wasabi extract and chitosan for 7 weeks. Survival rate, weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index and condition factor were not affected by the different dietary additives (P>0.05). Feed efficiency of fish fed the wasabi extract diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). Daily feed intake of fish fed the wasabi extract diet was significantly lower than that of fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). In the second experiment, three replicate groups of juveniles (average weight 1.4 g) were fed diets with or without Pophyra powder for 7 weeks. Survival rate and weight gain were not significantly affected by dietary Pophyra powder (P>0.05). Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the Pophyra diet were significantly lower than those of fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). The results of these experiments suggest that feed efficiency of juvenile flounder may be improved by dietary supplementation with wasabi extract.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2012

This study examined the efficacy of natural ingredient formulated herbal medicine as feed additives against coccidiosis in broiler chicken. Medicinal herbs used in this study were Artemisia annua, Pulsatilla chinensis, Clematis chinensis and Scutellaria baicalensis. Two week old chicks were administered with 1% ingredient formulated herbal medicine. Observations of the efficacy were confirmed by examining the lesion score, histopathological appearance of cecum, shedding of fecal oocyst and production index in farm. S. baicalensis of the most effective substance were analyzed by UPLC. The results are as follows; among various types of Chinese medicine, the most efficacious ingredient was found to be pure bicalein. The major index substance is bicalein and $13{\mu}g/ml$ per gram was found. Feeding of chickens with S. baicalensis induced the coccidiostat effect and reduced the fecal shedding of E. tenella oocyst by 14%. Experimental results on a farm, feed conversion ratio and weight gain and production rate in the group with natural ingredient formulated additives than in control group increased. The rate of weight gain (%) in each experimental group showed 108% and 126% increase while the mortality rate was 1.4% lower than the control group. The investigation showed that the most efficacious ingredient was found to be S. baicalensis among herbal medicine products for coccidiostats. However, as it was found in the farm experiment that pure S. baicalensis alone is economically unviable. The additives with cocktailed of efficacious ingredient are suggested to be implemented for effective protection against coccidiosis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.8.1-8.17
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• 2017

Growth promoters have been widely used as a strategy to improve productivity, and great benefits have been observed throughout the meat production chain. However, the prohibition of growth promoters in several countries, as well as consumer rejection, has led industry and the academy to search for alternatives. For decades, the inclusion of phytochemicals in animal feed has been proposed as a replacement for traditional growth promoters. However, there are many concerns about the application of phytochemicals and their impact on the various links in the meat production chain (productive performance, carcass and meat quality). Therefore, the effects of these feed additives are reviewed in this article, along with their potential safety and consumer benefits, to understand the current state of their use. In summary, the replacement of traditional growth promoters in experiments with broilers yielded benefits in all aspects of the meat production chain, such as improvements in productive performance and carcass and meat quality. Although the effects in pigs have been similar to those observed in broilers, fewer studies have been carried out in pigs, and there is a need to define the types of phytochemicals to be used and the appropriate stages for adding such compounds. In regard to ruminant diets, few studies have been conducted, and their results have been inconclusive. Therefore, it is necessary to propose more in vivo studies to determine other strategies for phytochemical inclusion in the production phases and to select the appropriate types of compounds. It is also necessary to define the variables that will best elucidate the mechanism(s) of action that will enable the future replacement of synthetic growth promoters with phytochemical feed additives.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.812-815
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• 2005

This study was conducted to see the influence of additives and fermentation periods on Mott grass silage (MGS) characteristics, its chemical composition and to compare the digestion kinetics of Mott grass (MG) and MGS in Nili buffaloes. Mott grass chopped with a locally manufactured chopper was ensiled using two additives, cane molasses and crushed corn grains each at 2, 4 and 6% of forage DM for 30 and 40 days in laboratory silos. The pH, lactic acid concentration, dry matter (DM), crude protein and fiber fractions of MGS were not affected by the type or level of additive and fermentation periods. The non-significant pH lactic acid concentration, and chemical composition of MGS indicated that the both molasses and crushed corn were utilized at similar rate for the growth of lactic acid bacteria and production of organic acids. The MG ensiled with molasses at 2% of fodder DM for 30 days was screened out for in situ digestion kinetics in Nili buffaloes. Ruminal DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradabilities of MGS were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of MG. The DM and NDF rate of degradation, lag time and extent of degradation was nonsignificant between MGS and MG. The higher ruminal degradation of DM and NDF of MGS than MG was probably a reflection of fermentation of MG during ensilation that improved its degradability by improving the availability of easily degradable structural polysaccharides to ruminal microbial population. The results in the present study have indicated that MG ensiled with either 2% molasses or 2% crushed corn for 30 days has better nutritive value for buffalo.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2003

The present study was conducted to investigate the preventive effect of feed supplemented with 1.0% oriental herbal medicine feed additives (OHMFA) on the colonization of Salmonella spp. and incidence of death in broiler chickens. The frequency of Salmonella spp. in feces samples treated with OHMFA (25/239; 10.5%) was significantly reduced (p<0.05) than that of control group (83/347; 23.9%). A total of 108 Salmonella spp, belonging to four different serotypes, were isolated from three broiler farms. Among the serotypes isolated, Salmonella typhimurium was the moot prevalent (60.2%), followed by S. enteritidis (20.4%), S. gallinarum (13.0%) and S. pullorum (6.4%). In incidence of death in chickens during experiment, the mortality of rate OHMFA group (3.9%) was significantly lower (p<0.01) than that of control group (5.7%). These results show that the administration of OHMFA may prevent the colonization of Salmonella in chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1667-1673
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• 2017

Antibiotics have long been of great benefit for people, both in the medical treatment of human disease and in animal food where they improve the growth performance and feed utilization during animal production. Antibiotics as in-feed supplements affect all stages of pork production, including the gestation, nursing, growing, and finishing stages, although the effects show stage-dependent differences. However, the use of antibiotics in animal feed has become a worldwide concern. This review describes why sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotic additives in animal feed have become an integral part of animal feeding programs for more than 70 years, particularly in pork production. It also discusses the threat of the long-term use of sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics in pork production. In recent years, the effectiveness of in-feed antibiotics has tended to decrease. This review analyzes this change from various perspectives. First, the equipment used at pig farms has improved dramatically and is more sanitary. Worldwide, more pig farms use pig farrowing crates, gestation crates, piglet nursery crates, flooring devices, piggery ventilation and cooler systems, automatic pig feeders, piggery heating equipment, and artificial insemination systems. In addition, scientists have replaced the use of antibiotics with organic acids, fermented mash, probiotics, prebiotics, minerals, oligosaccharides, enzymes, herbs/flavors, and protein/amino acids, and have improved management and husbandry techniques. In addition, animal welfare legislation has been aimed at improving the quality of the floors and living space, ensuring that animals have permanent access to fresh water, and setting a minimum weaning age. Finally, the prospects and the possibility of replacing antibiotics in pork production are described, in line with recent research results.