• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.37-40
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• 2000

Acoustically enhanced soil flushing method is a newly developed in-situ remediation technique. However, there has not been an analytical method that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasonic wave under different conditions. This study was undertaken to investigate the degree of enhancement in contaminant removal due to ultrasonic energy on the soil flushing method. The test conditions included different levels of ultrasonic power and hydraulic gradient. The test soils were Ottawa sand, a fine aggregate, and a natural soil, and the surrogate contaminant was a Crisco Vegetable Oil. The test results showed that sonication could increase contaminant removal significantly. Increasing sonication power increased pollutant removal. The faster the flow is, the smaller the degree of enhancement will be. The pollutants in dense soils are more difficult to be removed than in loose soils.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2005.03a
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• pp.1400-1407
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• 2005

There are a number of approaches to in situ remediation that are used at contaminated sites for removing contaminants from the contaminated zone without excavating the soil. These include soil flushing, dual phase extraction, and soil vapor extraction. Of these techniques, soil flushing is the focus of the investigation in this paper. The concept of using prefabricated vertical drains(PVDs) for remediation of contaminated sites with fine-grained soils is examined. The PVD system is used to shorten the drainage path or the groundwater flow and promote subsurface liquid movement expediting the soil flushing process. The use of PVDs in the current state of practice has been limited to soil improvement. The use of PVDs under vacuum conditions is investigated using sample soil consisting of silty sand.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.31-37
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• 2011

The feasibility study of soil flushing was investigated to remediate lubricant oil and zinc contaminated railway soil. In this study, mixed washing agents of surfactant and inorganic acid/base were used for the simultaneous removal. The mixed washing agent of non-ionic surfactant and HCl removed 15% of the lubricant oil and 40% of zinc, respectively. Alkaline-enhanced soil washing process increased the removal of lubricant oil up to 40%. This is because alkaline solution reduced the interfacial tension between water phase and lubricant oil phase due to the soap formation reaction. To simulate in-situ soil flushing for the remediation of railroad-related contamination, two dimensional soil flushing was carried out based on the results of batch soil washing. In the soil flushing, the removal efficiencies of lubricant oil and zinc were 34% and 16%, respectively. Even though the removal efficiency was low, the mixed washing agent can remove metal and lubricant oil simultaneously.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.76-86
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• 2007

For the purpose of ground improvement by means of soil flushing systems. Incorporated technique with prefabricated vertical drains have been used for dewatering from fine-grained soils. The laboratory model tests were performed by using the flushing tracer solutions for silty soils and recorded the tracer concentration changes with the elapsed time and flow rates. A mathematical model for prediction of contaminant transport using the PVD technology has been developed. The clean-up times for the predictions on both soil condition indicate more of a sensitivity to the dispersivity parameter than to the extracted flow rate and vertical velocity parameters. Based on the results of the analyses, numerical analysis indicate that the most important factor to the in-situ soil remediation in prefabricated vertical drain system is the effective diameter of contaminated soil.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.740-747
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• 2015

This research was performed to evaluate the feasibility of in situ soil flushing for TPH-contaminated soil remediation. It was conducted in batch test as fundamental research for in situ soil flushing. The 30% of initial TPH concentration was removed by shaking only in batch test. The removal efficiency of TPH in case of groundwater as surfactant dilution solution was approximate 2~6% lower than that of distilled water. Mixing ratio of soil to surfactant solution did not practically effect on the TPH removal efficiency. In the experiment of using single or mixed surfactant solution with 0.1~4.0 wt%, Tween-80, SWA-1503, SWA-1503+SDS showed averagely over 80%. It was determined that the optimum surfactant concentration was 0.1 wt% because there was no significant difference between concentrations of 0.1~4.0 wt%.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.220-223
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 endosulfan으로 오염된 토양을 in-situ flushing으로 정화시 발생되는 세척 유출수의 고정화 미생물에 의한 처리 효율 및 적용성을 검토하였다. 초기 endosulfan 농도 및 pH가 각각 5mg/L, 5.6인 세척유출수의 체류시간을 1, 3, 5시간으로 하여 고정화미생 물 충진 컬럼에 적용한 결과, 제거효율은 각각 62, 82, 89%로 체류시간이 증가될수록 향상되었으며 3가지 조건 모두 약 80시간 이후에 정상상태에 도달하였다. 체류시간 3시간에서 유입수내 endosulfan 농도를 50mg/L 및 100mg/L로 증가시킨 결과, 제거효율이 각각 70% 및 50% 부근까지 저하되었다. 유입수의 pH를 4.0과 9.0으로 변화시켜 실험한 결과 각각 73%와 66%의 제거효율을 나타내었다. pH 9.0보다 4.0에서 제거효율이 약간 높은 이유는 사용 배지의 pH가 약산성을 띠기 때문에 알칼리 상태보다 약산성에서 미생물의 활성이 높기 때문으로 판단된다. 유출수를 재순환 시킨 결과 제거효율이 90%까지 향상되는 것을 볼 수 있었으며, 이는 재 순환되는 유출수의 농도 저감 및 고정화 미생물과의 재 접촉에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 유입수에 공기를 주입한 결과, 유출수의 재순환 없이도 약 40시간 후에 93%의 제거효율을 보였으며 이는 미생물 활성의 증가에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.9-24
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• 1997

Surfactant-aided in situ soil flushing has been proposed as an alternative for the expensive and time consuming 'pump and treat' technology in remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater Injected surfactants can effectively solubilize contaminants sorbed to the soil matrix or nonaqueous phase liquids(NAPLs) in residual saturation. The contaminants solubilized in groundwater are recovered and treated further. The theoretical background of the technology and the results of the field operations, mostly in the US. were summarized. In addition, the factors crucial to the successful application of the technology were discussed. Cost analyses and technical limitations in current applications were also discussed. In conclusion, it is likely that in situ surfactant flushing become a viable option for soil remediation in limited cases. Currently, further advances with respect to operation cost and to treatment efficiency are required for more extensive application of the technology. However, the current trends in soil remediation, specially the growing emphasis on risk based corrective action and natural attenuation, will increase the competitiveness of the technology. For example, removal of easily washable contaminants by short term soil flushing followed by long term monitoring and natural attenuation can greatly reduce the operation cost and time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 1998

For successful soil flushing process selection of appropriate flushing reagents is essential. Futhermore, obtaining operating parameters for site remediation application through various bench-scale tests is also important. In this research a series of organic acids (acetic, citric, oxalic, and succinic acids) were tested for flushing capability. Copper-contaminated natural soil was used as a test medium, and flushing experiments were performed with batch system. All the organic acids used did not provide effective flushing conditions at concentration of 1 mM. At the acid concentration of 50 and 100 mM copper was removed efficiently although 50 and 100 mM did not show any significant differences in removal efficiencies. Citric acid and oxalic acid removed copper more efficiently than the others, and especially, citric acid showed over 87% of removal efficiency of copper at near neutral pH of 5 to 7. Speciation of extracted copper using GEOCHEM simulation showed majority of extracted copper existed as complexed with organic acids and only small portion of organic acids were complexed with copper indicating promising application of soil flushing with organic acid to heavy metal-contaminated site remediation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.286-289
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• 2004

On site, In situ soil remediation technologies are very important among the remediation technologies and in general efficiency of these technologies are turned to site characterization and environmental condition. specially using of only one technology has so many limitation factors. for example, existing state of tailing and channeling and so on. actually, filled land have high concentration cation exchange capacity because of existence in abundance soil organic matter. Therefore we used various on site in Situ technologies by phase for overcome the limitation factors. Target site is petroleum (diesel) impacted filled land and using technologies are SVE(Soil Vapor Extraction), BV(Bioventing), Bioremediation, Soil flushing, Chemical oxidation.

• Clean Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.302-307
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of in situ soil flushing for TPH-contaminated soil remediation with column test. The soil texture of the soil was sand and the initial TPH concentration was $9,369mg\; kg^{-1}$. 0.1% Tween-80 was selected as surfactant solution. And the acrylic and the glass syringe columns were used as reactors. In the acrylic column test, 35% of the initial TPH was removed in 1 PV of flushing and approximately 40% in 5 PV and finally 7 PV showed about 60%. The glass column test showed 3 ~ 12% higher removal efficiency than that of acrylic test until 5 PV of flushing. However, there was no difference in TPH removal efficiency when 7 PV of surfactant was finally flushed. Both of alum only and alum+polymer mixed surfactants showed also the best coagulation efficiency in $150mg\;L^{-1}$ of concentraion. When Tween 80 was newly dissolved in 0.1% to the recovered solution after the coagulation treatment, the removal efficiency was increased from 32.0% to 41.0% in comparison to the new 0.1% Tween 80 solution without reuse by coagulation treatment.