• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.776-782
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• 2019

Objective: Fasting may lead to changes in the microbiota and activity in the rumen. In the present study, the effects of fasting on rumen microbiota and the impact of fasting on in vitro rumen fermentation were evaluated using molecular culture-independent methods. Methods: Three ruminally cannulated Holstein steers were fed rice straw and concentrates. The ruminal fluids were obtained from the same steers 2 h after the morning feeding (control) and 24 h after fasting (fasting). The ruminal fluid was filtrated through four layers of muslin, collected for a culture-independent microbial analysis, and used to determine the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Total DNA was extracted from both control and fasting ruminal fluids. The rumen microbiota was assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Microbial activity was evaluated in control and fasting steers at various intervals using in vitro batch culture with rice straw and concentrate at a ratio of 60:40. Results: Fasting for 24 h slightly affected the microbiota structure in the rumen as determined by DGGE. Additionally, several microorganisms, including Anaerovibrio lipolytica, Eubacterium ruminantium, Prevotella albensis, Prevotella ruminicola, and Ruminobacter amylophilus, decreased in number after fasting. In addition, using the ruminal fluid as the inoculum after 24 h of fasting, the fermentation characteristics differed from those obtained using non-fasted ruminal fluid. Compared with the control, the fasting showed higher total gas production, ammonia, and microbial protein production (p<0.05). No significant differences, however, was observed in pH and dry matter digestibility. Conclusion: When in vitro techniques are used to evaluate feed, the use of the ruminal fluid from fasted animals should be used with caution.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1395-1403
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• 2012

The objective of the study was to quantify annual and seasonal differences in the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, in situ degradability and ruminal fermentation of grazing steers… diets. Diet samples were collected with four esophageal cannulated steers ($350{\pm}3$ kg BW); and four ruminally cannulated heifers ($342{\pm}1.5$ kg BW) were used to study the dry matter degradation and fermentation in rumen. Data were analyzed with repeated measurements split plot design. The crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility and metabolizable energy were higher during the first year of trial and in the summer (p<0.01). The values of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc and copper were higher in summer (p<0.05). The gas produced by the soluble and insoluble fractions, as well as the constant rate of gas production were greater in summer and fall (p<0.01). The ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3N$) and total volatile fatty acids concentrations in rumen, the soluble and degradable fractions, the constant rate of degradation and the effective degradability of DM and NDF were affected by year (p<0.05) and season (p<0.01). Our study provides new and useful knowledge for the formulation of protein, energetic and mineral supplements that grazing cattle need to improve their productive and reproductive performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.1598-1603
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• 2018

Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate kenaf as a roughage source in vitro and its effects on meat quality of Hanwoo (Korean native) cattle. Methods: Three roughage materials, rice straw silage, ryegrass silage, and kenaf silage, were tested in a batch culture and feeding trial. Rumen fermentation parameters, including gas, pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), and ammonia were analyzed. In the feeding trial, Hanwoo steers ($373.5{\pm}5.1kg$, n = 36, 11 month of age) were divided into three feeding groups (n = 12 each). Animals were fed with each silage and concentrate until the fattening stage. Results: Crude protein, ether extract, and non-structural carbohydrates were greater in kenaf silage. Total gas production was higher in ryegrass silage, followed by kenaf silage and rice straw silage (p<0.05). Total VFA and individual VFA (acetate, propionate, and n-butyrate) were greater in kenaf silage than rice straw silage (p<0.05). In vitro dry matter digestibility showed a similar trend to that of total gas and VFA production; it was higher in ryegrass silage and lower in rice straw (p<0.05). Throughout the feeding trial, the rice straw silage group showed significantly greater average daily gain than did the others (p<0.05). The feed conversion ratio in the group fed kenaf silage was significantly greater than that of others (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in yield or quality traits, including carcass weight, ribeye area, backfat thickness, and scores for marbling, meat color, and fat color (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that no negative effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics occurred across treatments. Therefore, kenaf could be substituted for rice straw, which is most widely used as a roughage source in Korea.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

본 연구는 균상재배 느타리버섯부산물(SMS)의 반추동물 조사료원으로서의 가치를 평가하기 위하여 in situ 반추위 소실율 및 면양을 이용한 in vivo 영양소 소화율, 체내 질소이용성 및 섭취행동 패턴을 평가하였다. SMS에 당밀 5% (w/w, 건물기준), 유산균(Lactobacillus plantarum) 0.5% (v/w) 그리고 효모 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 0.5% (v/w)를 첨가하여 30일간 혐기발효 시킨 후 반추위캐뉼라가 장착된 평균체중 620 kg Holstein 육우 2두를 이용하여 in situ 소실율을 평가하였다. 면양대사실험은 평균체중 48kg의 숫 면양 6두 이용하여 $3{\times}3$ 라틴방각법으로 하였다. 대조구는 볏짚 100%를, 처리구는 볏짚의 25%와 50%를 생균발효 SMS로 각각 대체 급여하였다. 균상재배 버섯부산물의 반추위 in situ DM 및 NDF 이용성은 생균발효처리에 의해 개선되었다(P<0.001). 생균발효 SMS를 볏짚의 25% 및 50% 대체하여 면양에게 급여하였을 때, 단백질과 섬유소(NDF, ADF, CF) 소화율은 감소하였으나 (P<0.05), 조회분 소화율은 증가하였으며(P<0.001), 면양체내 단백질 축척량은 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 볏짚을 생균발효 SMS로 대체 급여함에 따라 면양의 반추시간은 평균 28% 감소하였다(P<0.05). 생균발효 SMS는 볏짚의 76% 수준의 에너지가를 보였다. 결과적으로, 균상재배 느타리버섯부산물은 유지목적의 반추동물 조사료원으로서 보다 적합한 것으로 사료되었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.1331-1341
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of replacing cassava chips with broken rice in a fermented total mixed ration diet on silage quality, feed intake, ruminal fermentation, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in the final phase of fattening beef cattle. Methods: Eighteen Charolais-Thai native crossbred steers (average initial body weight: 609.4±46 kg; average age 31.6 mo) were subjected to three ad libitum dietary regimes and were maintained in individual pens for 90 d before slaughter. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design by initial age and body weight with six replicates. The dietary regimens used different proportions of broken rice (0%, 16%, and 32% [w/w] of dry matter [DM]) instead of cassava chips in a fermented total mixed ration. All dietary treatments were evaluated for in vitro gas production and tested in in vivo feeding trials. Results: The in vitro experiments indicated that organic matter from broken rice was significantly more digestible than that from a cassava-based diet (p<0.05). Silage quality, nutrient intake, ruminal fermentation characteristics, carcass fat thickness, and marbling score substantially differed among treatments. The ruminal total volatile fatty acids, propionate concentration, dietary protein intake, and digestibility increased linearly (p<0.05) with broken rice, whereas acetate concentration and the acetate:propionate ratio decreased linearly (p<0.05) with broken rice (added up to 32 g/kg DM). Broken rice did not influence plasma metabolite levels or growth performance (p>0.05). However, the marbling score increased, and the carcass characteristics improved with broken rice. Conclusion: Substitution of cassava chips with broken rice in beef cattle diets may improve fattened beef carcass quality because broken rice increases rumen fermentation, fatty acid biosynthesis, and metabolic energy supply.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권5호
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• pp.254-259
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of polished rice (PR) vs unpolished rice (UPR) as a potential feedstuff for sheep in order to use as a replacer to corn in sheep diet, and as well as to present the application in the formulation of cattle diet. Six corriedale ewe were randomly assigned to each treatment. UPR and PR were provided as a dietary treatment together with timothy grass as a basal diet in a crossover design for two period with 15-d duration for each period. The ratio of experimental and basal feeds were 33.3% and 66.7%, respectively. The differences in the total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents between sheep and cattle was determined according to the references. The number of data collected sheep and cattle was 9 and 17, respectively. The PR showed higher nutrients digestibility than UPR. Similarly, higher TDN content was observed PR than UPR (p < 0.05). As a result, the replacement of corn in the formulate feed with UPR and PR feed rice could be possible with the ratio of 91.2% and 100.0%, respectively. The result of comparation the TDN contents of UPR and PR in sheep and cattle, the PR has no difference in the nutritive value which suggests the applicability of the results of sheep to cattle. On the other hand, UPR has known to have different nutritive value between sheep and cattle, so caution should be taken when preparing formula feeds for cattle.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.757-768
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• 2002

본 연구는 반추가축에 있어 통옥수수를 주로 이용한 조사료 무급여사료의 발효특징을 알아 보기 위하여 실시하였다. 대조구는 steam- flaked corn으로 구성된 농후사료 (80%)와 볏짚(20%)을 혼합한 사료 SFCR)와 통옥수수와 면실피로 구성된 조사료 무급여사료(WC)를 사용하였다. 실험 1은 한우 반추위 미생물을 이용하여 in vitro 시험을 2처리 3반복 시험을 배양시간 48시간 동안 실시하였고, 실험 2는 한국재래산양을 이용한 반추위 내 발효 특성을 알아보기 위하여 in vivo 시험을 2처리 4반복 실험을 15일간 실시 하였으며, in sacco 시험은 2처리 3반복으로 시험을 3일간 실시하였다. 실험 1에서 SFCR구와 WC구 모두 반추위 적정 pH를 유지하였으며 처리간에 유의성은 없었으나 배양 4시간 대에 SFCR에서 다소 낮은 경향을 나타내었다. Gas 발생량은 SFCR구에서 유의적으로 높았으며(p<0.01), $NH_3$-N 농도는 WC구에서 다소 높은 경향을 나타내었다. Total VFA농도는 8시간대까지 WC구에서 유의성있게(p<0.01) 낮았고 이후 유의성은 없었으나 두 처리구 모두 점차적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 전체 평균 Acetate 함량은 SFCR구에서 모두 유의적으로 높았으며(p<0.01), 전체배양시간에 동안 propionate 함량은 WC구에서 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.01). 건물소화율은 두 처리구 모두 유의적 차이가 없으나 SFCR구에서 다소 높은 경향을 보였다. 실험 2에서 두 처리구 모두 전체적으로 다소 낮은 pH를 보였으며 유의적 차이는 없었으나 SFCR구에서 다소 높은 경향을 보였다. 반추위 미생물단백질 함량은 SFCR구에서 유의하게 높았으나, $NH_3$-N 농도는 WC구에서 유의하여 높았다(p<0.01). Total VFA함량과 propionate 함량도 WC구에서 유의하게 높았으나(p<0.01), acetate 함량은 유의성은 없었고 WC구에서 다소 높았다. 전체적인 Lactate 함량은 두 처리구에서 유의적 차이를 보였으나(p<0.01) 산독증 발병 수준 이하의 함량을 나타내었다. Nylon bag에 의한 한국재래산양 반추위 내 in sacco 건물소실율은 SFCR에서 유의적으로 높은 경향을 나타내었다(p<0.01). 이상의 시험 결과에 의하면 농후사료 80%와 볏짚 20%로 구성된 SFCR 사료가 반추위 내 발효 특성에 있어서 통옥수수와 면실피로 구성된 조사료 무급여사료와 큰 차이가 없었으며, 반면 조사료 무급여사료는 사료 가공비용 감소에 의해 경제성이 증가할 것이다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.453-463
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• 2016

본 연구는 항생제 대체제로서 Dicarboxylic acid가 in vitro 반추위 발효성상, 착유우의 유량 및 유성분에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위한 목적으로 실시하였다. 반추위 발효성상을 조사하기 위하여 batch culture 방법을 이용하였으며, Dicarboxylic acid의 급여가 착유우의 유량 및 유성분에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 평균체중 $649{\pm}19 kg$으로 일일 산유량 $38{\pm}3.95kg$, 유지방 $3.22{\pm}0.23%$, 산 차 $2.5{\pm}1.43$차인 홀스타인 착유우 10두를 산 차 및 산유량 등을 고려하여 시험사료에 따른 2개 군(대조구 5두, Dicarboxylic acid 급여구 5두)으로 나누어 실험을 실시하였다. Dicarboxylic acid는 사료급여량의 2%를 첨가하여 1일 2회 오전과 오후 착유 시 급여하였다. Dicarboxylic acid는 반추위내 pH에 긍정적인 영향을 주어 건물소화율이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 따라서 Dicarboxylic acid는 반추위 발효환경에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 건물소화율은 Dicarboxylic acid를 단독 급여할 때 가장 높았다. 또한 Dicarboxylic acid를 추가 급여하면 반추위 내 총 VFA 함량이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. Acetic acid 농도는 Dicarboxylic acid 단독 처리구에서 높게 생성되는 경향을 나타내었다. 착유우의 유량은 Dicarboxylic acid를 급여한 처리구에서 대조구 대비 약 14%의 유량이 증가하였다. Dicarboxylic acid는 유성분 및 MUN에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 항생제 대체제로서 Dicarboxylic acid 첨가는 반추위 내 발효환경을 안정화하여 건물소화율을 향상시키고 착유우의 유량을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1062-1062
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• 2001

The concept of “precision agriculture” or “site-specific farming” is usually confined to the fields of soil science, crop science and agronomy. However, because plants grow in soil, animals eat plants, and humans eat animal products, it could be argued (perhaps with some poetic licence) that the fields of feed quality, animal nutrition and animal production should also be considered in this context. NIR spectroscopy has proved over the last 20 years that it can provide a firm foundation for quality measurement across all of these fields, and with the continuing developments in instrumentation, computer capacity and software, is now a major cog in the wheel of precision agriculture. There have been a few giant leaps and a lot of small steps in the impact of NIR on the animal world. These have not been confined to the amazing advances in hardware and software, although would not have occurred without them. Rapid testing of forages, grains and mixed feeds by NIR for nutritional value to livestock is now commonplace in commercial laboratories world-wide. This would never have been possible without the pioneering work done by the USDA NIR Forage Research Network in the 1980's, following the landmark paper of Norris et al. in 1976. The advent of calibration transfer between instruments, algorithms which utilize huge databases for calibration and prediction, and the ability to directly scan whole grains and fresh forages can also be considered as major steps, if not leaps. More adventurous NIR applications have emerged in animal nutrition, with emphasis on estimating the functional properties of feeds, such as in vivo digestibility, voluntary intake, protein degradability and in vitro assays to simulate starch digestion. The potential to monitor the diets of grazing animals by using faecal NIR spectra is also now being realized. NIR measurements on animal carcasses and even live animals have also been attempted, with varying degrees of success, The use of discriminant analysis in these fields is proving a useful tool. The latest giant leap is likely to be the advent of relatively low-cost, portable and ultra-fast diode array NIR instruments, which can be used “on-site” and also be fitted to forage or grain harvesters. The fodder and livestock industries are no longer satisfied with what we once thought was revolutionary: a 2-3 day laboratory turnaround for fred quality testing. This means that the instrument needs to be taken to the samples rather than vice versa. Considerable research is underway in this area, but the challenge of calibration transfer and maintenance of instrument networks of this type remains. The animal world is currently facing its biggest challenges ever; animal welfare, alleged effects of animal products on human health, environmental and economic issues are difficult enough, but the current calamities of BSE and foot and mouth disease are “the last straw” NIR will not of course solve all these problems, but is already proving useful in some of these areas and will continue to do so.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.802-809
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of commercial compound feeds for late finishing Hanwoo steers using detailed chemical analysis and an in vitro rumen fermentation trial. A total of 4 different feeds were selected and used to conduct a chemical analysis for their nutrient contents. The largest variation in nutrients contents among experimental feeds was found in ether extract and the smallest one was found in total digestible nutrients. Commercial feeds C and D had a higher energy value than the others. Even if C and D had a similar feed energy value, the components used to increase energy differed between them (non-fiber carbohydrate [NFC] for C; ether extract for D). In the in vitro trial, no significant difference was observed in dry matter in vitro digestibility and gas production between treatments. However, the highest ammonia concentration (p < 0.05) was observed in C and D feeds. The low acetate to propionate ratio observed in C feeds (p < 0.01) suggested that this feed had high starch based carbohydrates that NFC degrading bacteria used to produce more propionate. It is important to provide nutritional information to farmers so that they can select the appropriate commercial feeds to suit their own feeding strategies. This study might give supporting information to farmers for a more educated, and better, selection of feeds. Further in vivo studies should be conducted to evaluate the effects of different commercial feeds on growth performances in late finishing Hanwoo steers.