• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.295-304
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of harvest stage of Sorghum ${\times}$ Sorghum Hybrid (SSH) and manufacture methods of SSH silage on nutritive values and quality of SSH silage manufactured with SSH grown in paddy land of Department of Animal Resources Development, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA. SSH "SS405" was harvested at two different growth stages (heading and ripen stage) and ensiled at each harvest stages. The content of crude protein in both square baled SSH silage (SBSS) and bag silage (BS) increased with delayed harvest maturity, but the contents of ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber) decreased. The contents of ADF and NDF was not influenced by the inoculation of lactic bacteria. The contents of TDN (total digestible nutrient) in both stage and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in heading stage was not influenced by the harvest stage of SSH. The pH in all SSH silage ranged from 3.8 to 4.4 at two different harvest stages, and pH in heading stage was higher than that of ripen stage (P<0.05). The content of lactic acid of all SSH silage increased with delayed harvest maturity (P<0.05), but the content of acetic acid decreased (P<0.05). The contents of lactic acid and acetic acid in ripen stage were not influenced by manufacture method of silage. The content of lactic acid in both SBSS was higher than that of both BS and RBSS in heading and ripen stage (P<0.05), but the content of acetic acid decreased (P<0.05). The contents of lactic acid and acetic acid in BS were similar as compared to that of RBSS. Therefore, we suggest that the quality of SSH silage in both heading and ripen stage can be improved by manufacture methods of SBSS and BS.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.82-91
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• 2022

Recently, several in vitro studies have reported antiviral activity of agents of systemic acquired resistance against plant virus infection, but the approach has not been applied in a wide range of agricultural fields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), chitosan (CH), or eugenol (EG) in tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infection of greenhouse-grown tomato plants. In vitro, the initial time of symptom was observed in TYLCV-infected plants (VP) of the resistant cultivar 'Superdotaerang' at 12 days post inoculation (dpi) after application of antiviral agents. At 32 dpi, the disease rate of TYLCV in the CHT+VP (0.1% chitosan and virus infected control) treated plants was 87.5%, lower than that of the other treatment. However, the virus content in the CHT+VP treated plants was higher than those of the other treatments, and SA, EG, and CH did not show significant effect on plant height or shoot and root fresh weight. Our results from summer-cultivated greenhouse-grown tomatoes show that none of the tested agents had an inhibitory activity on viral infection or yield of tomato 'Dotaerangsola'cultivar. In contrast, all treated 'TY Giants' cultivars that possessed TYLCV resistance genes Ty-1 and Ty-3a did not show typical symptoms and the virus content was remarkably lower than those in the TYLCV treated plants in 'Superdotaerang'. The results of this research indicated that the planting of resistant tomato cultivars was effective method instead of using SA, EG, and CH (known as resistance-inducing factors for control) of TYLCV in the field.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.203-208
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• 1990

Sexual reproductive structure of Phytophthora capsici in vitro was round shape with thick wall and $24.4\;{\mu}m$ of diameter ranging $20-32.5\;{\mu}m$. Oogonium was $26.7\;{\mu}m$ $(21-37.5\;{\mu}m$) and $6.5-{\times}5.4m$ $(6-8{\times}5-6{\mu}m)$ for antheridium as doughnut shaped. Since mycelial contact of the paired cultures initiated right after inoculation, mycelial expansion phase was followed. Oospore morphogensis could be divided into the four phases for reproducing adult oospores. The optimum temperature for oospore reproduction was $20-24^{\circ}C$, whereas a retard trend for oospore formation was at the temperature above $25^{\circ}C$. Korean squash agar medium showed a higher oospore formation than the existing V-8 agar medium. Red pepper fruit agar medium was next. No oospore was reproduced on the red pepper leaf medium. Diurnal light with $1800{\pm}300$ and $800{\pm}300$ Lux showed rather retardation for oospore formation than dark conditions.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.87-100
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• 1989

Eimeria tenella, an intracellular protozoan parasite infecting the epithelial cells of the ceca of chickens, causes severe diarrhea and bleeding that can lead its host to death. It is of interest that 2. tenezla first penetrate into the mucosal intraepithelial Iymphocytes (IEL) before they parasitize crypt or villous epithelial cells. This in vitro study was undertaken to know whether the penetration of E. tenella into such a lymphoid cell is a beneficial step for the parasite survival and development. Three sequential experiments were performed. First, the in vitro established bovine kidney cell line, MDBK cells, were evaluated for use as host cells for E. tenella, through morphological observation. Second, the degree of parasite development and multiplication in MDBK cells was quantitatively assayed using radioisotope labelled uracil ($^3H-uracil$) . Third, the E. tenella sporozoites viability was assayed after preincubation of them with thicken spleen cells. E. tenella oocysts obtained from the ceca of the infected chickens were used for the source of the sporozoites. Spleen cells (I) obtained from normal chickens (FP strain) were preincubated with the sporozoites (T) at the E:T ratio of 100:1, 50:1 or 25:1 for 4 or 12 hours, and then the mixture was inoculated into the MDBK cell monolayer. Morphologically the infected MDBK cells revealed active schisogonic cycle of E. tenella in 3~4 days, which was characterized by the appearance of trophozoites, and immature and mature schizonts containing merogoites. The 3H-uracil uptake by E. tenella increased gradually in the MDBK cells, which made a plateau after 48~60 hours, and decreased thereafter. The uptake amount of $^3H-uracil$ depended not only upon the inoculum sixte of the sporozoites but also on the degree of time delay (preincubation; sporozoites only) from excystation to inoculation into MDBK cells. The 3H-uracil uptake became lower as the preincubation time was prolonged. In comparison, after preincubation of sporozoites with spleen cells for 4 or 12 hours, the 3H-uracil uptake was significantly increased compared with that of control group. From the results, it was inferred that, although the penetration of E. tenella sporozoites into the lymphoid cells such as IEL is not an essential step, it should be at least a beneficial one for the survival and development of sporozoites in the chicken intestine.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of three different locations of Sorghum ${\times}$ sorghum hybrid (SSH) silage on nutritive values and qualities of SSH square bale silage (SSBS) and gunny bag silage (GBS). SSH "SS405" was sown at early May, harvested at heading stage and ensiled. Samples of SSH silage used in this study were collected in three different locations (outer, middle and inner). The content of crude protein (CP) in GBS showed a slightly decreased trend, as compared to SSBS. However, the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was significantly different between SSBS and SBS (p<0.05). However, The contents of CP, NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient (TDN), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were not different between the parts of SSH silage. Nutritive values of SSBS and SBS were not influenced by inoculation of lactic bacteria. The content of lactic acid in SSBS was decreased as compared to SBS, but there was no significant difference between SSBS and SBS. The content of acetic acid in SSBS was significantly decreased (p<0.05), as compared to SBS. In addition, the contents of lactic acid, acetic acid and butyric acid were not different between the parts of SSH silage. Therefore we suggest that nutritive values and quality of SSBS and SBS were not influenced by parts of sampling collected from these silages.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.206-211
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• 2006

This study was performed to examine antitumor activities of Rubus coreanus Miquel and Angelica gigas Nakai extracts against sarcoma-180 and anti-stress activities in ICR mice. The variation of body weights of the 20 days of Rubus coreanus extracts-administrated mice group was very low. The survival rate (T/C %) of Rubus coreanus extract administrated group was 161% after 50 days from the inoculation of sarcoma-180 and the increment of their body weights was suppressed. Anti-stress effect of the extracts of R. coreanus and A. gigas were estimated by maeasuring blood chemical value and internal organs weight in ICR mice. The extracts of R. coreanus reduced the cholesterol and glucose to the normal level in the all stress animal models. The extracts of R. coreanus reduced the hypertrophy of the internal organs such as adrenal, spleen and liver to the regular level.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.276-283
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• 2006

To evaluate the effectiveness of the foliar spray of calcium on "Baekdo" peach fruit, we carried out experiments in the orchards. The sprays were applied with $CaCl_2\;(Ca:\;400mg.kg^{-1})\;and\;CaCl_2$ with adjuvants (amino acid, $2g.kg^{-1}$; phytic acid, $2ml.kg^{-1}$ and wood vinegar, $2ml.kg^{-1}$) for four times from June 12 through July 4 at weekly intervals. The fruits and leaves were evaluated for Ca content, firmness and incidence of Brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola at harvest To evaluate fruit quality included Ca content, firmness natural decay during the storage, the fruits were stored at room temperature for 14 days. The Ca content in leaf and fruit flesh at harvest was significantly increased (P=0.05) in $CaCl_2$ + amino acid treatment among $CaCl_2$ treatments. However, there was not significant Ca content in fruit peel. The firmness of flesh increased significantly (P=0.05) in $CaCl_2$ + amino acid treatment. The natural decay (Rhizopus stolonifers) during storage at the room temperature for 14 days, the fruit treated with $CaCl_2$ + wood vinegar exhibited lowest (P=0.05) incidence. Also, the firmness of the fruit during storage was firmer with treated $CaCl_2$ than untreated fruit. In the treatments of $CaCl_2$ + phytic acid and $CaCl_2$ + amino acid, it was possible to reduce incidence of Brown rot caused by M. fructicola most effectively in the field. In addition, inoculation with M. fructicola in fruits was also the most effective treatment for inhibiting disease development in vitro. These results suggested that the foliar spray of $CaCl_2$ with adjuvants increased the content of Ca and firmness of the fruits positively. It also inhibited the natural decay and the Brown rot effectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.271-277
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• 1993

An antagonistic bacteria was isolated from rhiaosphere of pepper and corn and identified as Bacillus (B.) subtilis. These B. subtilis B-5 was transformed and marked with the plasmid pCPP4 which possess neomycine resistan. gene. The marked stranins showed growth inhibition to Rhizoctonia (R.) solani, Fusarium (F.) solani, and F. oxysporum in vitro, and were used in studying growth promoting effects on sesame and cabbage. All the identified strains utilize glucose, sucrose, fructose, lactose, mannitol and sorbitol as carbon source, but not rhamnose, and the marked strains also showed characteristics similar to wild-type strains. Germination rate of chinese cabbage and sesame seeds was increased by about 10% or more in the plot to which these strains were inoculated and the effect was higher in soil than in petri dish. The early growth promoting effects of these strains appeared higher, as compared with control plot, in the plots to which B. subtilis B-5 and pathogenic fungi was inoculated together. When the marked strains, B. subtilis B-5NEOr, were inoculated in the rhizosphere of chinese cabbage and sesame with $1.1{\times}10^8CFU/g$ dry soil, the number of inoculated strain was decreased slowly to the level of $10^5{\sim}10^6CFU/g$ dry soil after 4 weeks and the number of Pseudomonas spp. maintanied the level of $10^5CFU/g$ dry soil throught total period, but the number of fungi was decreased rapidly from the early level of $10^8CFU/g$ dry soil to $10^3CFU/g$ dry soil after 4 weeks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.1717-1726
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• 2013

Fermentation characteristics and health functionalities of kimchi by inoculating kimchi lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starters were studied. We manufactured single LAB starter kimchi (Lactobacillus plantarum pnuK, Lactobacillus plantarum 3099K, Leuconostoc mesenteroides pnuK), mixed LAB starter kimchi (Lb. plantarum pnu/Leu. mesenteroides pnuK, Lb. plantarum 3099/Leu. mesenteroides pnuK) with inoculum size of $10^6$ CFU/g, as well as naturally fermented kimchi (NK), and fermented them for 6 days at $15^{\circ}C$. The pH and acidity of the early phase of fermentation were not different, but kimchi with the starters showed rapid changes in the pH and acidity from 2 days of fermentation. As the fermentation progressed, the level of total aerobic bacteria and Lactobacillus sp. increased similarly with or without Lb. plantarum (LP) inoculation. However, the level of Leuconostoc sp. was high in kimchi inoculated with Leuconostoc sp. starter. In the sensory evaluation test, kimchi with starters received higher overall acceptability scores than those of NK; mixed starter added kimchi earned the highest score. In DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, kimchi with the starters exhibited higher activity than that of NK. In the MTT assay of HCT-116 and HT-29 human colon cancer cells, NK showed inhibition rates of 63.4 and 51.9%, but LPpnuK achieved 77.1 and 68.8%, respectively. This study showed that inoculating starters in kimchi increased in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activities, and single starter (LP) added kimchi revealed higher functionality than the kimchi with mixed starter. Kimchis with the starters effectively up-regulated the gene expressions of the pro-apoptotic gene of Bax, but down-regulated Bcl-2. They promoted expressions of p53 and p21, and suppressed expressions of inflammation-related genes, iNOS and COX-2, compared with NK. Taken together, it is expected that using starters may help manufacture kimchi with improved sensory quality and health functionality.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.23-30
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• 2008

This study implicated that the CBT-AK5 purified from Lactobacillus casei (LAFTI L26) which showed antitumor activity in ICR mice. Hence, ICR mice were inoculated intraperitoneally Sarcoma-180 as well as CBT-AK5. Then we observed the life span and tumor increment of those ICR mice. Here our studies showed effect on two different way of treatment as intraperitoneally and orally treated in Sarcoma-180 infected ICR mice. We found that intraperitoneally treatment of Sarcoma-180 and CBT-AK5 is more effective than orally fed. The life span of the ICR mice were highly reduced after the inoculation of Sarcoma-180. Those effects like increment of body weight, the growth of ascites and solid were inhibited significantly after the treatment of CBT-AK5 in Sarcoma-180 infected ICR mice. Finally these studies suggested that CBT-AK5 isolated form Lactobacillus casei showed excellent antitumor activity against Sarcoma-180 infected ICR mice.