• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제39권4호
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 2001

Korea huts been dramatically changed during the last century in many aspect of society, with the introduction of western culture in the beginning of 20th century. This study aims at understanding the changes in our traditional culture shown by costume as well as examining the aspects of the changes of traditional clothing according to age, by comparing the differences of our traditional dress Hanbok between ear1y and the late of the 20th century. Analysis of photographs showing Hanbok of both ages was used. 155 photographs of people wearing traditional Hanbok in the beginning of the 20th century were collected from the photo collection books portraying various living conditions of common people at that time. 748 Photographs of Hanbok worm today were obtained by taking pictures of various occasions like wedding ceremonies in 5 big cities during 1997. The process of analysis consists of 3 stages: setting standards, sorting, and grouping by positioning. The results showed that traditional Hanbok room in the early 20th century has maintained its basic silhouette and design during the century, but the methods of color coordination, ornamentation, construction have underdone many changes in detail. Consequently, traditional frame exits, but actually there are many variations of tradition produced by individual tastes and fashion trend. These changes show that continuing influx of the western culture which has made enormous social changes in Korea had an influence even on Hanbok.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.399-411
• /
• 2007

Korean organic farming has been well developed over the last two decades. It demonstrates that the number of certificated farm for organic agriculture and products have been drastically increased in recent year. However, the organic farmers have thought that organic farming rely only on organic fertilizer and they don't keep organic farming principle in which organic farmer should enhance biological activity and crop rotation. This study was to compare nutrient input, recommendation, cropping system and organic product circulation between the early $20^{th}$ century and beginning of the $21^{st}$ century. The population of Korea has increased 7.3 times more than that of a century ago but cultivated land has been decreased during 100 years. The rice production in 2002 was 4.2 times higher than that of production in 1912. The input of N, P and K in 1907 on the basis of King's suggestion was 95.6kg/ha, 15.9kg/ha and 3.0kg/ha, respectively. Nitrogen came from excreta (40%), green manure (55%) and compost (5%) in the early 20th century. On the other hand, organic farmer input organic resources such as wood chip (30.1%), compost (27.8%), rice straw (14%) and others (25%) these days. In terms of nutrient balance calculated nutrient and absorption by plants, organic rice farmer apply excessive nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil. They was used to put $7{\sim}10$ times more nitrogen than that of a century ago. Nutrient recommendation was similar in N and P between early 20th century and early $21^{st}$ century. Farmers in both century did not rotate crops in the field. Today, organic farmers engaged in more continuous cultivation than in early 20th century. Farmers in the early $20^{th}$ century produced locally, consumed locally the agricultural products, but organic farmers in the $21^{st}$ century produce the organic product in the local farmland and consumed in the large city and also a lot of foreign organic products have been imported in recent year.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.55-65
• /
• 2010

The present study purposed to compare formative expression between the fashion of the end of 19th century - early 20th century and that of the 21st century which were influenced by art nouveau and art deco. For this purpose, we analyzed contents in literature, Internet, etc.,. According to the results of this study, the formative expression of art nouveau were divided into continuous movement, optical illusion and decorative expression. Continuous movement was used to express fancy and soft images in the end of 19th century, and to express images giving the feeling of speed and tension in the 21st century. Optical illusion was expressed by the movement the thin and soft materials with the body movement and the movement of excessive frills adornment. And in movement produced using thin and soft materials and by the bias cutting method in the 21st century. Decorative expression was expressed as fantasy and decadent image in the end of 19th century and as mild passionate and modern image with color combination in the 21st century. The formative expression of art deco were divided into visual simplicity, contrastive loudness, and functional expression. Visual simplicity was expressed as a boyish image in the early of 20th century, but as a complex expression combining simplicity and femininity in the 21st century. Contrastive loudness was expressed by using colors both in the early of 20th century and 21st century. Functional expression was reinforced through the lightening of design and materials in the early of 20th century, but through using bias cutting high tech materials in the 21st century.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.124-134
• /
• 2011

The space has been interpreted from various perspectives, such as hierarchical, cultural, economic, political factors, etc. So we can see the space as a social existence. Space is now being formed through the dialectical relations of these elements. From this point of view, this study started to research the spatial practice of morden people through the case in the early 20th century film. With the discourse of Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey, and Michel de Certeau's theory, this research tried to find the mechanisms of spatial practice. Also Benjamin is a philosopher who intervenes the relationship between modernity and cultural production and his way of reading cultural phenomena seems to serve as the useful methodology of cultural studies. Modern people were individual unawared of the era, awakened to the ego. They were wandering the room and the street, private and public places. They were city dwellers walking around, collecting goods, and living of everyday life. Spatial practice is a fixed activity and have continuity. spatial practice appeared in the early 20th century film is at the intersection of social practices and the practice of everyday life. Social practices are a fixed practice and continuous practice. The practices of everyday life are nomadic practice and amusable practice. Modern people accommodate and adapt to a given space of the city through fixed practice. They realizes the access and the distance from spaces through continuous practice. They select and approved the spaces through nomadic practice. And they possess exclusively and utilize the spaces through amusable practice. Through These research spatial practices, it could easily found similarities and differences between modern space on the early 20th century and contemporary space of 21st century. True modern is not the past but the present.

• 한국어학
• /
• 제71권
• /
• pp.1-22
• /
• 2016

The early 20th century is a period of time when Korea confronted with the surging waves of modernization, and made a variety of internal reactions. The Korean language, not immune to the upheaval, also experienced new changes and gradually gained characteristics of today's Korean. Although scholars have not yet fully agreed upon the time division of Korean, Gabo reformation (1896) is usually considered to be the beginning of modern Korean. Thus, the early 20th century was also the beginning of modern Korean. Phonological, lexical, and grammatical characteristics of modern day Korean began to appear during this period of time. Phonologically, the 10 vowel system was established, glottal sounds and aspirated sounds increased, vowel harmony declined. Phenomena such as vowel raising, front-vowelization, monophthongization, and the word-initial rule appeared. Meanwhile, hangul-Chinese mix writing became common practice, and hangul-only writing also started to take place in narrative writing, and elements of spoken language began to reflect in written language. All those pointed to the unification of written and spoken language. Under the influence of modernization, a great amount of new words appeared. Especially, Japanese and other foreign words flooded in in great quantities. Grammatically, '-eos-(-엇-), -neun-(-는-), -ges-(-겟-)' trichotomy system of tenses was established, and hearer-oriented honorific system also formed a binary system of 'hasoseo(하소서), hasibsio(하십시오), hao(하오), hage(하게), haera(해라)' and 'hae (해), haeyo(해요)'. In word formation and sentence construction, the use of '-gi(-기)' became more frequent than '-eum(-음)', while '~geot(~것)' also significantly increased. In negative, causative and passive expressions, the use of long form, which has fewer restrictions than the short form, became more frequent. A tendency towards simplicity appeared. In the same vain, long and complex sentences with several clauses tend to be avoided. Instead, short simple sentences became more favorable. Korean linguistics scholars should pay closer attention to the modernization period, which includes the early 20th century. In order to fully understand today's Korean language, more thorough research on this immediately preceding period is necessary.

• 한국시조학회지:시조학논총
• /
• 제26집
• /
• pp.125-149
• /
• 2007

[ $\ulcorner$ ]가곡원류$\lrcorner$의 편찬 연도는 1876년으로 알려져 있다. 이 가집은 완성되자마자 일 이십년이라는 극히 짧은 시간 내에 십여 권이 넘는 이본을 산출했다. 그만큼 19세기 후반 $\ulcorner$가곡원류$\lrcorner$의 영향력은 막강했다. 그런데 그로부터 불과 십여 년 후인 20세기가 시작되면서부터 $\ulcorner$가곡원류$\lrcorner$의 향방은 묘연하기만 하다. 그렇다면 20세기 직전까지도 거듭 필사되며 확산되어 갔던 $\ulcorner$가곡원류$\lrcorner$는 도대체 어디로 간 것일까. 본고는 이러한 의문으로 시작되었다. 이에 20세기 초 $\ulcorner$가곡원류$\lrcorner$의 급격한 단절에 의문을 품고, 20세기 초 $\ulcorner$가곡원류$\lrcorner$ 전승의 향방을 추적했다. 본고에서는 이를 풀어갈 단서로 단국대학교 도서관에 소장되어 있는 하순일 편집의 아주 작은 가집 $\ulcorner$가곡원류$\lrcorner$에 주목했다. 이 가집은 남창 한바탕의 사례를 보여주는 기초 교본 역할에 적절하도록 제작되었다. 이 가집을 편집했을 당시, 하순일은 근대 최초의 민간 음악교육기관인 '조양구락부'의 가곡교사였다. 조양구락부와 관련 깊은 이 가집의 내용을 구체적으로 알아보기 위해. 음악연창과 문학사설로 나누어 분석을 시도했다. 그 결과 이 편집본은 19세기 $\ulcorner$가곡원류$\lrcorner$의 내용을 고스란히 담고 있었으며, 동시에 당대 연창의 실제임도 확인되었다. 이를 통해 20세기 초에도 $\ulcorner$가곡원류$\lrcorner$는 여전히 생명력을 갖고 전승되고 있었음을 알 수 있었다. 나아가 조양구락부의 성격 분석을 통해. 이 기관이 막강한 후원조직에 힘입어 운영되었음도 확인했다. 하순일 편집본은 조양구락부라는 기관이 지닌 영향력을 통해 20세기 초 가곡 향방에 결정적 전승을 이룩할 수 있었던 것이다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈E:수학교육논문집
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.1093-1130
• /
• 2009

1895년부터 조선은 초등, 중동교육기관과 근대 고등교육기관을 설립하면서 꾸준히 새로운 교육과정을 도입하며 근대 수학을 받아들이고 전수하는 부단한 노력을 기울였다. 그리고 이 노력은 1897년 8월 대한제국으로 국호를 바꾸면서 더욱 적극적으로 추진된다. 그러나 이러한 노력은 1905년(광무년). 한국의 외교권을 박탈한 을사늑약 이후 1908년 일제의 사립학교령, 1911년 학부령등을 통하여 조선통감부와 조선총독부가 기존의 고등교육기관을 폐지하고, 조선에서의 교육을 식민지 보통교육에 초점을 맞추고, 특히 수학분야의 고등교육은 방기하여 한반도에는 1911년에서 1945년 사이에 수학과는 대학과정의 고등교육기관에는 존재하지 않았다. 이런 식민지 수학교육정책의 잔해는 20세기 한국이 세계 수학의 주류에 진입하는 과정에서 큰 장애물이 된다. 본 연구는 이 시기의 교육정책과 수학 교육환경 그리고 한반도에서 교수된 근대 수학의 내용과 교육과정을 심도있게 연구한다.

• 복식문화연구
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.793-805
• /
• 2018

At the beginning of the $20^{th}$ century, Cartier developed Art Deco jewelry designs that have been used as design inspirations to this day. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the Art Deco jewelry designs of Cartier in the early $20^{th}$ century. Regarding the research method, this study explored the jewelry designs from 1904 to 1939 by extracting 288 analysis subjects from Cartier's exhibitions, auction picture books, and foreign books, and analyzed the characteristics in terms of design motifs, colors and materials. The results of the study are as follows. Regarding the design motifs, 73% were geometric motifs, and 66% were a combination of circular shapes and polygons, the most frequent. In terms of colors, 69% were chromatic in color, and vivid colors were mostly used in the order of red (24%), - green (19%), and - blue (14%). Of the materials, 92% of the metals consisted of platinum, and gemstones were used in the order of diamonds (41%), - onyx (13%), - emeralds (11%), - rubies (9%), and - sapphires (8%). In the early $20^{th}$ century, Cartier's Art Deco jewelry designs featured abstract and geometric motifs, vivid colors and strong contrasts, platinum and precious gemstones. This study is meaningful in that it explores the competitiveness of Cartier's designs and provides practical ideas to combine Art Deco style with contemporary jewelry designs successfully.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 2019

Considering the situation in the early 20th century when the existing urban system centered on urban areas began to change, the biggest factors causing urban structural changes in urban areas are construction of railroad and urban dismantling. The change process of Eupseong, in the microscopic viewpoint, can be understood as a process of change in the course of dismantlement of town's demarcation, improvement of accessibility and urban expansion due to the construction of railroads, process of urban expansion following the crumbling boundaries and structural changes. This study aimed to look at the transformation process of the Eupseong in the early 20th century, focusing on the demolition of the castle and the railway construction from a microscopic point of view of city.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.55-62
• /
• 2016

Purpose: Since the 19th century many concrete models and theories for the ideal city had been proposed and in some way had affected on the ideal urban plans in the 20th century. Modern cities in the 20th century faced a total chaos, due to the world war and new social paradigm came from the development of technology. These social context leads us to be interested in ideal city. And two planned cities; Chandigarh, India and Brasilia, Brasil, are meaningful as the result of the modern ideal city in the early 20th century even though they completed just in part. Method: This study is focused on the characteristics of the modern ideal city in the early 20th century based on comparison with two realized cities. There are similarities and differences in their background, concept, and the characteristics of form and space. Result: First, both cities are required to make monumental and symbolic images by political issues. For this, Le Corbusier proposed the grid system for a metaphorical city and L. Costa defined the urban form with abstract axis for a mythological city. Second, the administrative districts in both cities are planned as symbolic places by formative buildings and their hierarchical arrangement. For neighbourhood unit 'Sector' in Chandigarh and 'Superquadras' in Brasilia are used for the neighbourhood unit respectively. Third, the car-oriented road system and urban environment by population overcrowding in tow cities are criticized in common. Consequently, as we can see, the modern ideal city in the early 20th century succeeds in making symbolic urban image, but exposes the limitation of sustainability.