• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

본 연구는 균상재배 느타리버섯부산물(SMS)의 반추동물 조사료원으로서의 가치를 평가하기 위하여 in situ 반추위 소실율 및 면양을 이용한 in vivo 영양소 소화율, 체내 질소이용성 및 섭취행동 패턴을 평가하였다. SMS에 당밀 5% (w/w, 건물기준), 유산균(Lactobacillus plantarum) 0.5% (v/w) 그리고 효모 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 0.5% (v/w)를 첨가하여 30일간 혐기발효 시킨 후 반추위캐뉼라가 장착된 평균체중 620 kg Holstein 육우 2두를 이용하여 in situ 소실율을 평가하였다. 면양대사실험은 평균체중 48kg의 숫 면양 6두 이용하여 $3{\times}3$ 라틴방각법으로 하였다. 대조구는 볏짚 100%를, 처리구는 볏짚의 25%와 50%를 생균발효 SMS로 각각 대체 급여하였다. 균상재배 버섯부산물의 반추위 in situ DM 및 NDF 이용성은 생균발효처리에 의해 개선되었다(P<0.001). 생균발효 SMS를 볏짚의 25% 및 50% 대체하여 면양에게 급여하였을 때, 단백질과 섬유소(NDF, ADF, CF) 소화율은 감소하였으나 (P<0.05), 조회분 소화율은 증가하였으며(P<0.001), 면양체내 단백질 축척량은 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 볏짚을 생균발효 SMS로 대체 급여함에 따라 면양의 반추시간은 평균 28% 감소하였다(P<0.05). 생균발효 SMS는 볏짚의 76% 수준의 에너지가를 보였다. 결과적으로, 균상재배 느타리버섯부산물은 유지목적의 반추동물 조사료원으로서 보다 적합한 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.60-67
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• 2014

본 연구는 조사료의 반추위 발효가 진행됨에 따른 볏짚표면에 부착된 섬유소 분해 박테리아의 군집변화와 섬유소 소화율을 비교 관측하기 위하여 볏짚의 in situ 반추 발효를 실시하였다. 그리고 부착 박테리아의 군집 변화를 측정하기 위하여 RT-PCR 기법을 이용하여 F. succinogenes. R. albus와 R. flavefaciens의 군집을 모니터링 하였다. 본 연구를 수행하기 위하여 in situ 볏짚 발효를 0. 2, 4, 8, 12, 24시간 실시하였을 때 반추위내 볏짚의 in situ 분해는 발효 시간이 진행됨에 따라 가속화되어 발효 8~12시간 사이에 최고 분해 속도를 나타내었으나, F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens과 R. albus는 모두 발효 0~1시간 사이에 볏짚 표면에 부착이 80% 이상 완료되어 이후 발효가 계속 진행되는 동안 일정 수준의 군락을 유지하는 것이 발견되었다. 그리고 반추위내 유입된 조사료의 표면에 초기 부착과정을 관찰하기 위하여 0, 5, 10, 30 및 60분 간격으로 볏짚의 in situ 샘플을 채취하여 조사하였을 때 F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens 및 R. albus의 군락 모두 볏짚이 반추위 유입 후 5분 내에 상당량의 수가 부착함을 발견하였다. 또한 조사료의 반추위 발효 용이성에 따른 섬유소 분해 박테리아의 부착 정도를 관찰하기 위하여 0, 2, 4 및 8% NaOH를 처리한 볏짚을 12 및 24시간 in situ 배양 볏짚의 소화율과 부착 박테리아의 군집 변화를 관측하였을 때, 볏짚의 NaOH 처리 농도가 높아짐에 따라 in situ 소화율이 증가하였으며, 동시에 부착된 박테리아 군집의 증가 경향이 F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens 및 R. albus의 3균주 모두 배양 12시간에 나타났으나 배양 24시간에서는 각기 다른 양상을 나타냈다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 반추위내 섬유소 발효과정에서 섬유소 분해 박테리아의 부착은 조사료의 반추위 유입 초기에 반드시 이루어지고, 발효 시간이 진행됨에 따라 조사료 표면에 안정된 군락을 형성하며, 섬유소 분해가 가속화된다는 사실을 보여 주었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2001

The quality including in situ degradability in the rumen of Holstein of the black locust silage added with apple pomace was investigated in this study. The amount of apple pomace added in different treatments were 0, 20, 40 and 60% respectively. With higher amount of addition of apple pomace in black locust, crude protein content in the silage decreased. Crude protein contents in the apple pomace added silage were in the range between 11.7 and 13.7% and those were significantly lower than 16.3% of 100% black locust silage. The contents of ADF, NDF and crude ash were in the same trend as with crude protein, which were shown more clearly in the 40∼60% addition of apple pomace. Moisture content of 100% black locust silage was 56.7% however it significantly increased according to higher levels of addition of apple pomace(67.1∼73.8%). pH, lactic acid and total organic acid contents in 20∼60% addition of apple Pomace were 3.7∼4.3, 1.3∼2.2%, and 2.1∼6.0% respectively, however in 100% black locust silage those were significantly lower except pH as 5.4, 0.6% and 1.0% respectively. In situ disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF in the rumen were significantly higher at the stapes of incubation after 12h and 24h respectively in 20∼40% addition of apple pomace than in 100% black locust silage. No statistical differences were observed with quickly degradable fraction (a) in the disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF. In dry matter, however slowly degradable fractions (b) of 100% black locust and 60% addition of apple pomace were significantly higher as 99.7 and 99.8% respectively than 37.7∼50.5% of 20∼40% addition of apple pomace. On the contrary, fractional rate of disappearance (c) and effective degradability(ED) were significantly higher in 20∼40% addition of apple pomace as 0.0115∼0.0149 and 30.4∼31.9% respectively than the respective values of 0.0027 and 24.9% of 100% black locust. In NDF, b was significantly higher in apple pomace added silage(38.5∼99.8%) than in 100% black locust silage(14.9%). However, C was significantly lower in apple pomace added silage than in 100% black locust silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1249-1254
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of maturity stage on the nutritive value of wild mustard straw in terms of chemical composition, in situ, in vitro dry matter degradability and calculated ME. The nutritive values of wild mustard, Sinapsis arvensis hays harvested at three stages were evaluated by chemical composition, in vitro gas production and in situ dry matter degradation methods. Gas production or dry matter (DM) degradation were determined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and their kinetics were described using the equation p = a+b(1-e$^{-ct}$). Maturity had a significant effect on both the chemical composition and degradability of wild mustard. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (p<0.001) increased with increasing maturity whereas the crude protein (CP) (p<0.001) decreased. The gas produced after 96 h incubation ranged between 64.7 and 81.5 ml per 0.200 g of dry matter. The gas production (ml) at all incubation times and estimated parameters decreased with increasing maturity of wild mustard. The gas production at all incubation times and estimated parameters (a, b (a+b), metabolizable energy (ME) and organic matter digestibility (OMD)) were negatively correlated with NDF and ADF. The DM disappearance after 96 h incubation ranged between 50.8 and 76.1%. The in situ DM disappearance at all incubation times and estimated parameters decreased with increasing maturity of wild mustard. The in situ dry matter disappearance at all incubation times and some estimated parameters (c, a, b and effective dry matter degradability (EDMD)) were negatively correlated with NDF and ADF but positively correlated with CP. The nutritive value of wild mustard continually changed as it matured. Wild mustard, harvested at the proper stage of maturity offers considerable potential as a high quality forage for ruminants during the winter feeding period. The present study showed that if higher quality forage is an objective, wild mustard should be harvested at the early flowering stage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1120-1126
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• 2006

Dry matter (DM) degradation of leaves from Quercus cercis, Quercus libari, Quercus branti, and Quercus coccifera was determined using two different techniques: (i) in vitro gas production and (ii) the nylon bag degradability technique. In vitro gas production in the presence or absence of PEG and in situ DM disappearance were measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. In situ and in vitro DM degradation kinetics were described using the equation y = a+b ($1-e^{-ct}$). At all incubation times leaves from Quercus branti incubated with or without PEG gave significantly higher gas production than the other oak leaves except for 3 and 6 h incubation when leaves from Quercus branti without PEG supplementation only gave higher gas production than Quercus cercis and Quercus coccifera. At all incubation times except at 3, 6 and 12 h the DM disappearance from Quercus branti was significantly higher than the other species. Generally, PEG supplementation considerably increased the gas production at all incubation times and estimated parameters such as gas production rate ($c_{gas}$), gas production (ml) from the quickly soluble fraction ($a_{gas}$), gas production (b) from the insoluble fraction, potential gas production (a+b). However, all oak leaves did not give the same response to the PEG supplementation. Although the increase in gas production at 96 h incubation time was 8.9 ml for Quercus libari the increase was 5.5 ml for Quercus coccifera. It was concluded that except at early incubation times the relationships between the two methodologies seem to be sufficiently strong to predict degradability parameters from gas production parameters obtained in the presence or absence of PEG.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1996

The dry matter (DM) disappearance and ruminal solubility of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) in eight Philippine forages were studied. The forages were: paragrass (Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf), stargrass (Cynodon plectostachyum Pilger), napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach), clopo (Calopogonium mucconoides Desv.), centrocema (Centrocema pubescens Benth.), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.) and sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. Nylon bags with samples were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h in rumen cannulated sheep. The 0-h bags were washed with deionized water. For the 0-h samples, 20.4, 17.2, 50.7, 52.2 and 80.1% of the DM, Ca, P, Mg and K was solubilized, respectively. At 3-h incubation period, DM disappearance was 10 percentage units higher than that of 0-h incubation whereas mineral disappearance increased by 43, 21, 30 and 13% for Ca, P, Mg and K, respectively. At 72-h incubation period, greater proportion of DM, Ca, especially in P, Mg and K was solubilized with a value of 73.8, 71.5, 85.6, 91.4 and 98.2%, respectively. The average particulate passage rate obtained in the present study was 1.9%/h where as the range of disappearance rates of various mineral elements were : 0.4 to 1.2%/h for Ca, 0.1 to 1.6%/h for P, 0.7 to 2%/h for Mg and 0.1 to 2%/h for K. The effective ruminal solubilization (ERS) of the macrominerals was calculated where particulate passage rate and disappearance rate of the various elements were included in the equation. The ERS of Ca, P, Mg and K was 50.0, 72.6, 83.9 and 94.5%, respectively. Species differences (p<0.05) on the various mineral solubilities were also observed. This study shows that ruminal solubility of macrominerals in selected Philippine forages is K > Mg > P > Ca.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.906-912
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• 2000

The effect of ammonia treatment and rice bran supplementation on the in situ rumen degradation of rice straw was determined using three Japanese Corriedale wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannula. About 4 g samples of diets containing 100% untreated rice straw (URS); 100% ammonia treated rice straw (ARS); 65% URS+30% rice bran (RB)+5% soybean meal (SBM) (T1); and 85% ARS+15% RB (T2) were incubated at 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours in the rumen of sheep to measure dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability. The DM disappearance of ARS based diets were about 20% higher than that of URS based diets. Rice bran supplementation improved DM disappearance of URS but not on ammoniated straw. Degradation parameters showed that ammoniation increased rate (c) of straw degradation resulting to higher DM and fiber degradability but RB supplementation did not. ARS gave similar DM and CP solubility and effective rumen degradability (ED) with that of the supplemented groups indicating that ammoniation alone can give the same effect on rumen degradability of sheep receiving low quality roughage. All degradation parameters for NDF were consistently higher in ARS based-diets indicating improved fiber solubility. Rice bran supplementation did not affect degradation characteristics of the diets except on soluble DM and CP fraction (A) of URS but not on ARS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.189-193
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• 1996

A study was conducted to estimate nutritive value of forage sources used in deer diets. Bags containing feedstuffs were incubated four times for periods up to 72 hours in two chemostats filled with ruminal fluid from deer or cattle. Parameters estimated were water-soluble and $65{\mu}m$ filterable plus insoluble digestible fractions(No. = 4) and extent of disappearance(No. = 8) of feed neutral detergent fiber(NDF). Among tested feeds, the ranking of values of these parameters were soybean hulls > alfalfa pellets > corn cobs or rice straw > cottonseed hulls or rice hulls > sawdust, indicating that soybean hulls and alfalfa pellets were more fermentable than other agricultural residues. It is possible to utilize variability among tested feeds of fraction, disappearance rate and (or) extent of DM and NDF when these feeds are used as roughage sources in deer diets.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.116-131
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• 2001

옥수수 알곡(whole corn)을 분쇄(ground corn; GC), 파쇄(cracked corn; CC), 박편(flaked corn; FC) 및 수침(soaked corn; SC)등 가공방법을 달리하여 처리하였을 때 반추가축에 대한 in situ 및 in vitro 소화율에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 실험 1 : 옥수수 알곡의 가공방법이 건물, 유기물 및 조단백질의 반추위내 in situ 소실율에 미치는 영향 1. 반추위내의 건물, 유기물 및 조단백질의 반추위내 소실율을 관찰하고자 반추위 누관이 장착된 한우 4두를 공시하여 nylon bag 기법으로 0, 2, 6, 12, 24 및 48시간 반추위내에서 각 가공된 옥수수를 배양시켰다. 2. 반추위 배양시간 48시간대에서 분쇄옥수수가 76.1 %로 가장 높은 건물소실율을 보였으며(P<0.01) 다음으로 파쇄 옥수수 (55.1%) 그리고 박편 처리 옥수수 (30.9%)의 순으로 소실율이 높았으며 알곡 옥수수와 수침 옥수수의 경우는 약 12%로 48시간 이후에도 거의 소실이 되지 않음이 관찰되었다. 3. 조단백질의 소실율은 반추위 발효시간 48시간대에서 분쇄 및 파쇄 옥수수의 단백질 소실율이 각각 48 및 38%로 가장 높았지만(P<0.01), 박편 옥수수는 건물 소실율과는 달리 단백질 소실율이 18.9%로써 알곡과 수침 옥수수와 비슷하게 나타났다. 0시간대의 단백질 소실율은 분쇄 옥수수가 소실율이 16.14%로 가장 높았다(P<0.01). 4. 유기물의 소실율은 반추위 발효시간 48시간대에서 분쇄 옥수수가 76.04%로 가장 높았으며(P<0.01) 그 다음이 옥수수를 파쇄한 경우 54.64%였으며 옥수수 알곡과 수침 옥수수가 각각 11.82 및 12.26%로 가장 소실율이 낮았다(P<0.01). 0시간대 소실율은 분쇄와 파쇄 옥수수에서 소실율이 각각 20.27과 18.86%로 가장 높았다(P<0.01). 실험 2 : 옥수수 알곡의 가공방법이 반추위내 미생물에 의한 건물 분해을 및 two-stage in vitro 건물 소화율에 미치는 영향 1. 옥수수 알곡의 가공방법에 의한 반추위내 미생물들의 건물 분해율을 측정하기 위하여 한우로부터 반추위액을 채취하고 미생물을 분리하여 각 사료기질을 0, 2, 6, 12, 24 및 48시간 미생물과 함께 배양시켰다. 48시간 동안 반추위 미생물에 배양시 분쇄 옥수수의 분해율 (65.01%)이 가장 높았다(P<0.01). 옥수수 알곡과 수침 옥수수를 48시간 배양시 건물분해율은 각각 18.83 과 17.26%로 처리구중 가장 낮은 분해율을 보였다 (P<0.01). 2. 한우로부터 분리한 반추위액에 각 사료기질을 two-stage 배양법으로 배양하여 건물 소화율을 측정하였다. 무처리 옥수수가 가장 낮은 소화율 (15.36%)을 보였고(P<0.01), 분쇄, 파쇄 및 박편 옥수수에서 높은 소화율을 보였으며(P<0.01) 각각 86.95, 85.84 및 82.29%로 나타났다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.841-853
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• 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with calcium oxide (CaO) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) as substitutional ingredient of total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro fermentation, in situ disappearance and growth performance of Holstein steers. Cannulated Holstein (600 ± 47 kg) was used for both the in vitro and in situ experiments. The treatments used were TMR only (CON), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products fresh matter (FM) basis (TC), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis (TCC), and TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis + 3.22% AHP FM basis (TCCA). For in vivo experiment, thirty-four Holstein steers (273 ± 45 kg) were subjected to a 150-day feeding trial, divided into two groups: CON and TC. In the in vitro experiment, pH of TCCA was greatest (p < 0.05) among other treatments at all incubation times. Ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different for each treatment. However, butyrate was greater (p < 0.05) in TCC and CON than in both TC and TCCA. During in situ experiment, the dry matter (DM) disappearance was greatest (p < 0.05) in TCCA among other treatments. Also, disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were observed greatest (p > 0.05) in TCCA treatment. In the in vivo experiment, average daily gain (ADG) did not differ between CON and TC. In blood profile analysis, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total protein concentration were not significantly different between treatments. But, creatinine concentration was greater (p < 0.05) in TC than in CON. Overall results suggest that Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with CaO and AHP can be used as substitutional ingredient in TMR for Holstein steers.