• Title/Summary/Keyword: In Sacco Degradation

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The Effect of Yerba Mate (Ilex Paraguariensis) Supplementation on Nutrient Degradability in Dairy Cows: An In sacco and In vitro Study

  • Hartemink, Ellen;Giorgio, Daniela;Kaur, Ravneet;Di Trana, Adriana;Celi, Pietro
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.28 no.11
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    • pp.1606-1613
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    • 2015
  • This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Yerba Mate (YM) supplementation on nutrients' degradation, in vitro dry matter disappearance, gas production and rumen ammonia concentration. Three rumen-fistulated Holstein Friesian cows were used for the in situ incubations and provided rumen liquor for in vitro incubations. The inclusion of YM in a control diet (pasture+pellets) affected some in sacco degradation parameters. YM supplementation decreased the effective degradability and degradation rate of pasture crude protein (CP), and it seems to slow down the degradation of pasture neutral detergent fiber. A significant increase of degradation of pasture acid detergent fiber (ADF) was detected after YM inclusion in the control diet. YM supplementation reduced in vitro gas production of pasture and ammonia concentration of pellets. The addition of YM in ruminant diet could decrease ammonia production and increase protein availability for productive purposes. The moderate presence of tannins in YM could have affected the degradation kinetics of pasture CP and ADF and the ammonia production of pellets.

Predicting In Sacco Rumen Degradation Kinetics of Raw and Dry Roasted Faba Beans (Vicia faba) and Lupin Seeds (Lupinus albus) by Laboratory Techniques

  • Yu, P.;Egan, A.R.;Leury, B.J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.13 no.10
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    • pp.1377-1387
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    • 2000
  • Two laboratory techniques: (1) an in vitro method with two procedures for measuring protein degradabilities and (2) an in vitro method with three procedures for measuring protein solubility, were investigated to determine which laboratory techniques could most accurately predict the quantity of rumen protein degradation kinetics of legume seeds after dry roasting under various conditions, in terms of (1) rumen protein disappearance ($D_j$, where j=0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h incubation), (2) rumen protein effective degradability (EDCP), (3) the parameters describing rumen degradation characteristics (the soluble fraction: S, the potentially degradable fraction: D, undegradable fraction: U, lag time: T0 and the degradation rate: Kd) and (4) rumen bypass protein (BCP), which were determined by the method accepted internationally at present, in sacco nylon bag technique using the standardized Dutch method. Feeds evaluated were the raw and dry roasted whole faba (Vicia faba) beans (WFB) and whole lupin (Lupinus albus) seeds (WLS), each was dry roasted under various conditions (at 110, 130 or $150^{\circ}C$ for 15, 30 or 45 min). In vitro protein degradability ($D_1$_Auf and $D_{24}$_Auf) were determined using the modified Aufr re method by enzymatic hydrolysis for 1 h and 24 h using a protease extracted from Streptomyces griseus in a borate-phosphate buffer. In vitro protein solubility ($bf_1$_S, $bf_2$_S, $bf_3$_S) was measured in a borate-phosphate buffer with three different procedures. Results from laboratory techniques (in vitro) were correlated and linearly regressed with in sacco results. Of the three procedures of in vitro protein solubility evaluated, none of them could predict in sacco results with good precision. The highest Pearson correlation coefficient ($R^2$) was less than 0.50. Of two procedures of in vitro protein degradability studied, the $D_1$_Auf values were closely correlated with in sacco parameters: Kd, EDCP and %BCP with high R' values: 0.82, 0.85 and 0.85, respectively, and closely correlated with in sacco $D_j$ at 2, 4, 8 and 12 h rumen incubation with high $R^2$ values: 0.83, 0.91, 0.93 and 0.83, respectively. The $D_{24}$_Auf values could not predict in sacco results. The highest $R^2$ value was less then 0.40. These results indicated that in vitro protein solubility measured in borate-phosphate failed to identify differences in the rate and extent of protein degradation of legume seeds after dry roasting under various conditions and thus should not be used to predict rumen degradation, particularly for heat processed feedstuffs. But in vitro protein degradability using the modified Aufr re method by enzymatic hydrolysis for 1 h or possibly an intermediate time (>1 h and <24 h) is a promising laboratory procedure to detect effectiveness of dry roasting legume seeds on rumen protein degradation characteristics and could be used as a simple laboratory method to predict the rate and extent of protein degradation in the rumen in sacco with high accuracy. The equations to predict EDCP, Kd and BCP of dry roasted legume seeds (WLS and WFB) under various conditions are as follow: For both: EDCP (%)=-1.37+1.06*$D_1$_Auf ($R^2=0.85$, p<0.01). For both: Kd (%/h)=-21.81+0.49*$D_1$_Auf ($R^2=0.82$, p<0.01). For both: %BCP=103.37-1.07*$D_1$_Auf ($R^2=0.85$, p<0.01).

Chemical Changes during Ensilage and In sacco Degradation of Two Tropical Grasses: Rhodesgrass and Guineagrass Treated with Cell Wall-degrading Enzymes

  • Zhu, Yu;Nishino, Naoki;Xusheng, Guo
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.214-221
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    • 2011
  • Effects of the cell wall-degrading enzymes derived from Acremonium cellulolyticus and Trichoderma viride on the silage fermentation and in sacco degradation of tropical grasses i.e. rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana Kunth. cv. Callide) and guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Natsukaze) were investigated in laboratory-scale experiments. These two grasses were either treated with or without the enzymes before ensiling. Untreated rhodesgrass produced acetate fermentation silage (lactate, $13.0\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM; acetate, $38.7\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) with high final pH value and $NH_3$-N content (5.84 and $215\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM). Addition of enzymes significantly increased (p<0.01) the lactate production (lactate, 45.6; acetate, $34.0\;g\;kg-^{1}$ DM) and decreased (p<0.01) the pH and $NH_3$-N (4.80 and $154\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) in the ensiled forages when compared with the control silages. Untreated guineagrass was successfully preserved with a high lactate proportion (lactate, 45.5; acetate, $24.1\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM), and the addition of enzymes further enhanced the desirable fermentation (lactate, $57.5\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM; acetate, $19.4\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM). The content of NDF was lowered (p<0.05) by enzymes in both silages, but the extent appeared greater in the enzyme-treated rhodesgrass (rhodesgrass, $48\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM; guineagrass, $21\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM). Changes in the kinetics of in sacco degradation showed that enzyme treatment increased (p<0.01) the rapidly degradable DM (rhodesgrass, 299 vs. $362\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM; guineagrass, 324 vs. $343\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) but did not influence the potential degradation, lag time and degradation rate of DM and NDF in the two silages.

In Sacco Ruminal Degradation Characteristics of Chemical Components in Fresh Zoysia japonica and Miscanthus sinensis Growing in Japanese Native Pasture

  • Ogura, S.;Kosako, T.;Hayashi, Y.;Dohi, H.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.41-47
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    • 2001
  • Ruminal degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP) in fresh leaves of two Japanese native grasses (Zoysia japonica and Miscanthus sinensis) and one sown temperate grass (Dactylis glomerata) were investigated by an in sacco method in spring (mid-May), summer (mid-July) and autumn (mid-September). Japanese native grasses had higher NDF and lower CP concentrations than D. glomerata, and the CP concentration in native grasses decreased in autumn. Ruminal degradability of DM, NDF and CP was lower in native grasses than in D. glomerata (p<0.05) in all seasons. DM and NDF degradability decreased in summer for Z. japonica and D. glomerata, while it decreased in autumn for M. sinensis. CP degradability in Z. japonica was constant throughout the seasons, whereas that in M. sinensis greatly decreased in summer and autumn (p<0.05). It was concluded that Z. japonica could stably supply ruminally digestible nutrients for grazing animals in Japanese native pasture. However, the degradation characteristics of freshly chopped native grasses did not fit the exponential model of $D=a+b(1-e^{-ct})$ proposed by Ørskov and McDonald.

Effect of Sodium Hydroxide plus Hydrogen Peroxide Treated Mustard (Brassica campestris) Straw Based Diets on Rumen Degradation Kinetics (In sacco), Fermentation Pattern and Nutrient Utilization in Sheep

  • Mishra, A.S.;Misra, A.K.;Tripathi, M.K.;Santra, A.;Prasad, R.;Jakhmola, R.C.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.355-365
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    • 2004
  • Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment (1% NaOH+1.5% $H_2O_2$; 1 AHPMS, 2% NaOH+1.5% $H_2O_2$; 2AHPMS) on rate and extent of degradation of mustard straw (MS) in sacco in sheep, and its in vivo digestion and ruminal fermentation characteristics when fed to sheep with concentrate (200 g per sheep daily). The treatment of straw with 1 and 2% AHP increased its sodium content by 148 and 296% to that of untreated straw (UMS). There was significant decrease in NDF and hemicellulose contents of AHP treated straw and increase in cellulose and lignin contents. Phenolic acids like ferrulic, $\rho$-coumaric and o-coumaric significantly (p<0.001) reduced by AHP treatment of mustard straw. In first experiment the in sacco degradation of DM, OM and NDF was significantly (p<0.01) greater for 2 AHPMS than for UMS at all incubation periods. The disappearance of nutrient from 1 AHPMS and 2 AHPMS treated straws continue to increase up to 96 h whereas in UMS the peak disappearance was found at 48 h. By using the equation {(y=a+b) ($1-e^{-ct}$)} the degradation rates (c) for DM, OM, and NDF were significantly higher for UMS than AHP treated straws. Level of alkali (1 and 2%) had significant effect on degradation characteristics (a, b, c and $P_{0.05}$) of DM and NDF fraction of MS. However, the effect was not pronounced on OM fraction of MS. In feeding experiment, the intake of nutrients for DM, OM, cell wall constituents and energy was higher on 2 AHPMS, whereas no effect on the digestibility of these nutrients was observed. The apparent nitrogen retention was higher (p<0.05) both in 1 and 2 AHPMS groups. Water intake by animals was significantly increased due to AHP treated mustard straw feeding. Rumen liquor pH was higher in 2 AHPMS fed animals. The $NH_3-N$ of rumen liquor was not affected by feeding of AHP treated MS based diets. Total VFA concentration was significantly (p<0.01) higher in UMS fed group. The fractional out flow rate of DM was higher (p<0.05) in animals fed on 2 AHPMS diets compared to UMS and lAHPMS fed groups. The population of large holotrichs was higher (p<0.05) on AHP treated MS fed diets compared to UMS. The study indicated that treatment of mustard straw with AHP changed its chemical composition towards a better feed. The nutritive value of 2% AHP treated mustard straw was better in terms of dry matter intake and apparent nitrogen retention. The higher in sacco DM, OM and NDF disappearance however, was not confirmed by in vivo data in this study.

The Nutritive Value of Rice Straw in Relation to Variety, Urea Treatment, Location of Growth and Season, and its Prediction from in Sacco Degradability

  • Soebarinoto, Soebarinoto;Chuzaemi, Siti;van Bruchem, Jaap;Hartutik, Hartutik;Mashudi, Mashudi
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.215-222
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    • 1997
  • Ten rice varieties were planted at two locations (lowland and highland), during the wet and dry seasons of different years. In vivo digestibility and voluntary intake of the straw, were determined in groups of fat-tail sheep, supplemented with $18g{\cdot}kg^{-0.75}$ concentrate DM, containing ~20% crude protein. Voluntary intake of digestible straw organic matter (DOMI) consistently varied from 15.2 to $20.9g{\cdot}kg^{-0.75}$ between straw varieties, averaged over locations, years and seasons, despite considerable variation between individual batches. This variation in the nutritive value of the straw was independent of straw and grain yield, so it would seem that there is scope for selection of rice varieties with straw of higher nutritive value. The variation in DOMI of straw among location of growth, year and season, was of a magnitude similar to the improvement brought about by urea-ammoniation. The in sacco degradation characteristics and digestibility of rice straw residues were superior to those of the offered straw. This can be attributed to a preference for rice straw leaves relative to stems. Averaged over location of growth, year and season, characteristics of in sacco degradation, i.e. the rate of fermentative degradation and the truly undegradable fraction, emerged as accurate predictors of the nutritive value of rice straw.

Impact of Three Categories of Supplements on In Sacco Ruminal Degradation of Urea-Treated and Untreated Straw Substrates

  • Srinivas, Bandla;Krishnamoorthy, U.;Jash, Soumitra
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.195-204
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    • 2002
  • The objective of this study was to examine the impact of three categories of supplements on intake and diet induced difference on degradation of straw substrates. Sixteen crossbred cattle fitted with rumen cannula were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. Animals were fed on wheat straw ad libitum without any supplement except mineral mixture (control; $T_1$) or supplemented with concentrate mixture (CS; $T_2$) or green Lucerne (GLS; $T_3$) or urea-molasses block lick (ULS; $T_4$). Total dry matter intake in $T_2$, $T_3$ and $T_4$ was increased by 70, 54 and 49%, respectively compared to $T_1$ which was only 1.55 kg/100 kg B.Wt. Other than control animals, straw intake was less on $T_3$ than $T_2$ or $T_4$. In Sacco degradation of untreated and urea treated wheat or paddy straw in different treatments indicated that the supplements had a significant (p<0.01) impact on rapidly soluble (A) and insoluble but potentially degradable (B) fractions of straw. Urea treatment increased fraction-A but, provision of supplement improved fraction-B also. Effective degradation (ED) of OM was better on $T_2$. Rate of degradation (C) of OM and CWC was dependent on diet and type of straw but hemicellulose and cellulose were related to latter factor only. ED of cell wall carbohydrates (CWC) was similar in $T_2$ and $T_4$ but higher than $T_3$. CS was more effective in improving the degradation of both untreated and urea treated straw while ULS was effective on the former only. CS had more impact on superior quality straw while contrary was true with ULS. Although GLS improved intake and degradability of untreated and urea treated straws, its bulkiness affected the straw intake compared to other supplements.

In Sacco Evaluation of Rumen Protein Degradation Characteristics and In vitro Enzyme Digestibility of Dry Roasted Whole Lupin Seeds (Lupinus albus)

  • Yu, P.;Egan, A.R.;Leury, B.J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.358-365
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    • 1999
  • The effects of dry roasting whole lupin seeds (lupinus albus, WLS) at 110, 130 or $150{^{\circ}C}$ for 15, 30 or 45 minutes on the in sacco rumen degradation characteristics, optimal heating conditions of time and temperature and in vitro enzyme digestibility were determined. Ruminant degradation characteristics (RDC) of crude protein (CP) of WLS were determined by in sacco technique in dairy cows. Measure ROC were soluble (S), undegradable (U), potentially degradable (D) fractions, lag time (TO) and rate of degradation (Kd) of insoluble but degradable fraction. Based on measured ROC, percentage bypass CP (%BCP) and bypass CP (BCP in g/kg, DM) were calculated. Degradability of CP was significantly reduced by dry roasting (p<0.001). The interaction of dry roasting temperature and time had significant effects on D (p<0.05), Kd (p<0.01), U (p<0.01), %BCP (p<0.001) and BCP (p<0.001) but not on S (p=0.923>0.05). With increasing time and temperature, S, D, Kd and U varied from 31.8%, 67.4%, 10.3%/h and 0.8% in the raw WLS (RWLS) to 27.1 %, 35.8%, 3.6%/h, 38.4% in $150{^{\circ}C}/45\;min$, respectively. All these effects resulted in increasing %BCP from 25.9 in RWLS to 61.0% in the $150{^{\circ}C}/45\;min$. Therefore BCP increased form 111.2 to 261.2 g/kg DM, respectively. Both %BCP and BCP at $150{^{\circ}C}/45\;min$ increased nearly 2.5 times over the RWLS. The effects of dry roasting on %BCP and BCP seemed to be linear up to the highest value tested. Although ROC had been altered by dry roasting, the In vitro perpsin-cellulase digestibility was generally unchanged. It was concluded that dry roasting was effective in shifting CP degradation from rumen to the lower gastrointestinal tract to potential reduce unnecessary N loss in the rumen. It might be of great value in successfully synchronizing the rhythms of release of nitrogen and energy in the rumen, thus achieving a more efficient fermentation of diets with high proportions of lignocellulosic resources. To determine the optimal dry roasting conditions, the digestibility of each treatment in the cows will be measured in the next trial using mobile bags technique.

Effects of Ammonia, Urea Plus Calcium Hydroxide and Animal Urine Treatments on Chemical Composition and In sacco Degradability of Rice Straw

  • Fadel Elseed, A.M.A.;Sekine, J.;Hishinuma, M.;Hamana, K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.368-373
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    • 2003
  • This experiment was conducted to examine the effects on the composition and rumen degradation in sacco of rice straw treated with animal urine (1 l of 2.9 g N/kg DM straw) and urea plus calcium hydroxide (2% urea plus 0.5% $Ca(OH)_2$/kg DM straw) as a cheap and relatively safe alternative for ammonia (3% ammonia solution/kg DM straw). Mold occurred in urine treated straw, but other treatments were apparently mold-free. All treatments significantly (p<0.05) increased CP content in the straw compared with untreated one. Ammonia-treated straw contained CP at about twice that in urine or urea-calcium hydroxide treated straw. NDF and hemicellulose contents decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all treatments, while ADF and cellulose showed no differences compared with untreated straw. The degradable fraction of DM, CP, NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose was significantly (p<0.05) increased for ammonia and urea-calcium hydroxide treatments than for urine treated or untreated straw except for CP of urine treated straw. Chemical treatment of rice straw increased the readily degradable fraction of CP, while it decreased the slowly degradable fraction for urine or urea-calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. The degradation rate of hemicellulose was significantly (p<0.05) increased for ammonia and urea-calcium hydroxide treatments compared to urine treated or untreated straw. However, no effect on cellulose degradation rate was found by any of the treatments. There was no improvement in the degradation kinetics caused by the urine treatment despite the improvement of the chemical composition. Although the improvement in rumen degradability was less in the urea-calcium hydroxide treatment than in the ammonia treatment, its use may be more desirable because it is less expensive to obtain, less hazardous nature, and readily available. For further improvement it is necessary to investigate the supplementation of slowly degradable nitrogen to ureacalcium hydroxide treated rice straw diet.

Effects on Performance of Sulla and/or Maize Silages Supplements for Grazing Dairy Cows

  • Chaves, Alexandre V.;Woodward, S.L.;Waghorn, G.C.;Brookes, I.M.;Burke, J.L.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.19 no.9
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    • pp.1271-1282
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    • 2006
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of either maize or sulla silage supplementation to grazing dairy cows in summer. Forage mixtures used in the four week trial were based on previous experimental results but inclusion of rumen fistulated cows in five treatments enabled rumen sampling and use of in sacco incubations to determine the diet effects on digestion kinetics. Sulla and maize silages were used to supplement pasture and to meet minimum requirements for dietary protein concentration. Five groups of ten cows were grazed on a restricted daily allowance of 18 kg dry matter (DM) pasture/cow to simulate a summer pasture deficit, and four of these five groups received an additional 6 kg DM $cow^{-1}d^{-1}$ of silage (sulla, maize, or sulla and maize silages). A sixth group was given a relatively unrestricted (38 kg DM $cow^{-1}d^{-1}$) pasture allowance. The silage mixtures and pasture were incubated in sacco during the final week of the trial. The pasture was of high nutritive value and not typical of usual summer conditions, which favoured a response to quantity rather than quality of silage supplements. There was no difference in cow performance with the four silage supplements and the low milk solids (MS) production (about 1.0 kg $MS\;d^{-1}$) relative to full pasture (1.3 kg $MS\;d^{-1}$) showed the principal limitation to performance was dry matter intake. Milk composition was not affected by silage type and the low level of pasture substitution (0.29) suggested metabolizable energy (ME) was the principal limitation to performance. Samples of rumen liquor and in sacco data demonstrated significant effects of supplement; DM degradation rates (k) was highest ($0.084h^{-1}$) when cows were fed 6 kg sulla silage whereas diets with a high proportion of maize silage were slowly degraded (p<0.01).