• 한국교육논총
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.17-33
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• 2019

본고는 다산(茶山) 정약용(丁若鏞:1762~1836)의 『대학공의(大學公議)』에서 나타나는 교육 주체들의 관계에 대하여 고찰하여 그가 『대학공의(大學公議)』에서 주장하고자 하였던 궁극적인 실천윤리를 밝히는 데에 목적이 있다. 다산의 『대학공의』는 그가 53세일 때 유배지인 강진의 다산초당에서 저술한 책으로써 특히 '공의(公議)'라는 명칭을 통하여 알 수 있듯이, 『대학공의』는 『대학』에 관한 다산의 공정하고도 공평한 견해라고 볼 수 있으며, 당시 보편화된 주자의 『대학장구(大學章句)』에 대한 비판의식이 전제된 것이기도 하다. 주자는 훈고(訓詁)에서 『대학(大學)』을 대인(大人)의 학문이라 풀이하여 어린이의 학문과 대소(大小)로 대조를 이루어 온 세상 사람들이 모두 배워야 하는 학문으로 그 중요함을 강조하였다. 그에 반해 다산은 『대학』을 가리켜 경문(經文)에서 말한 '태학의 도[太學之道]'는 태자를 가르치는 도이지, 분명 백성을 가르치는 도가 아니며, 이를 '태학의 도'라 말할 수는 있지만 '향학의 도[鄕學之道]'라고 말할 수 없다고 하여 『대학』을 나라의 태자를 교육시키기 위한 장소로써 해석한다. 또한 『대학』에서는 유학의 이념으로 명명덕(明明德), 친민(親民), 지어지선(止至於善)의 삼강령(三綱領)을 제시하고 있는데, 다산은 『대학』의 실천윤리는 효·제·자(孝·弟·慈)이며 효·제·자야 말로 명덕(明德)이라고 풀이한다. 또한 효·제·자를 가리켜 백성을 효도로써 가르치면 백성 가운데 아들된 사람은 그 부모에게 친하게 하며, 백성을 공경으로써 가르치면 백성 가운데 동생 된 사람은 그 형에게 친하게 하고 백성 가운데 어린 사람은 그 웃어른에게 친하게 하며, 백성을 자애로써 가르치면 백성 가운데 어버이 된 사람이 그 자식에게 친하게 하고 백성 가운데 웃어른 된 사람이 그 어린 사람에게 친하게 한다. 그러므로 태학의 도는 친민(親民)에 있다고 하여, 주자의 신민(新民)을 부정하고, 효·제·자를 친민(親民)의 실천윤리로 제시한다. 다산은 임금이 이러한 효·제·자를 실천하면 백성에게까지 그 가르침이 미치어 백성들에게 또한 효·제·자의 실천이 이루어진다고 하였다. 효·제·자라는 대학의 실천윤리가 단지 나라의 태자에게만 교육되어져야 할 것이 아닌 백성들에게도 필요한 덕목이라는 것을 나타낸다. 즉 효·제·자(孝·弟·慈)는 인륜(人倫)이라 정의할 수 있다. 이렇듯 다산이 유학의 실천윤리로 제시한 효·제·자(孝·弟·慈)에는 『대학』에서의 교육적 내용과 교육적 관계들이 포함되어 있다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 효·제·자(孝·弟·慈)가 인륜이라고 할 경우 그 안에 내포되어 있는 교육적 관계들은 구체적으로 가장 기본적인 가정 안에서부터 이루어진다고 할 수 있다. 그렇다면 이러한 효·제·자(孝·弟·慈)에 내포되어있는 교육적 관계들의 주체와 객체를 구체화 시키는 것으로부터 우리는 다산이 『대학공의』에서 주장하고자 하였던 구체적인 실천윤리를 더욱 명확히 밝힐 수 있을 것이며, 그것을 통하여 다산이 풀이한 『대학공의』를 더욱 구체적으로 이해할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제12권1_2호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2003

Let H be a Hilbert space, X be a real Banach space, A : H \longrightarrow X be an operator with D(A) dense in H, G： H \longrightarrow H be positive definite, $\chi$ $\in$ D(A) and b $\in$ H. Consider the quadratic programming problem: QP： Minimize $\frac{1}{2}$〈p, $\chi$〉 + 〈$\chi$, G$\chi$〉 subject to A$\chi$= b In this paper, we obtain an explicit solution to the above problem using generalized inverses.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.311-320
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• 2022

Background: The outcomes of patients 50-55 years old or younger undergoing prosthetic shoulder arthroplasty (PSA) may not generalize to younger patients. We report outcomes following PSA in a consecutive series of patients 40 years or younger. We hypothesize that total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) provides better outcome and durability than resurfacing hemiarthroplasty (RHA). Methods: Patients were stratified by diagnosis and surgical procedure performed, RHA or TSA. Active range of motion and self-assessed outcome were evaluated preoperatively and at final follow-up. Results: Twenty-nine consecutive PSAs were identified in 26 patients, comprising 9 TSAs and 20 RHAs, with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Twelve PSAs were performed for chondrolysis. Mean active forward elevation, abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation improved significantly (p<0.001 for all). Mean pain score improved from 6.3 to 2.1, Simple Shoulder Test from 4.0 to 9.0, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score from 38 to 75 (p<0.001 for all). Patients undergoing RHA and TSA had similar outcomes; but three RHAs required revision, two of these within 4 years of implantation. Four of five patients undergoing revision during the study period had an original diagnosis of chondrolysis. Conclusions: PSA in young patients provides substantial improvement in active range of motion and patient reported outcomes irrespective of diagnosis and glenoid management. However, patients undergoing RHA, especially for chondrolysis, frequently require subsequent revision surgery, so that RHA should be considered with caution in young patients and only after shared decision-making and counsel on the risk of early revision to TSA.

• 복식
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• 제59권10호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

One piece of Jeogori and several books of the Goryeo dynasty were found inside of the wooden Buddhist Goddess of Mercy Statue of the Bogwang temple and they were designated as national treasure of Korea, No. 1571. The jeogori was the Jeogsam as the kind of underwear and conjectured as for women by considering its size. The collar of the jeogori was 3cm-wide square-shaped collar without gussit and the sleeve was close to straight line. Also the jeogori was designed without breast ties and could be adjusted by knot button. The fabrics for the jeogori showed similar pattern as complex silk gauze in 1302. It has not been reported yet that the complex silk gauze was used for the Jeogsam from Goryeo Dynasty to Joseon Dynasty. Comparing the Jeogori of the Bogwang temple to those of Goryeo Dynasty, it can be appropriately estimated as the remains of the Goryeo Dynasty since its shape and materials are very similar to those found in the Jeogori's of the Goryeo Dynasty and it was found between the books of the Goryeo Dynasty inside of the knee part of the wooden Buddhist Goddess of Mercy Statue of the Bogwang temple. Although only one piece of Jeogori was found, it's importance in cultural value or in the study of the fabric history cannot be underestimated considering the fact that the Jeogories of the Goryeo Dynasty are scarce, and that the used fabric was not commonly used complex silk gauze, and especially that this Jeogori is the only existing Jeogsam made of complex silk gauze.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2008

Background: Because genetic manipulation is commonly accomplished in mice, mouse models for pain have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of persistent pain. The purpose of this experimental study is to develop a mouse model for understanding incision induced postoperative pain. Methods: A longitudinal incision was made at the hindpaw of male DBA/2 mice. The withdrawal frequency(WF) from applications of von Frey filaments and the response frequency (RF) to blunt mechanical stimulation were examined in an incision group and a control grouP. The withdrawal latency (WL) to radiant heat and a pain score based on weight bearing were also measured. Tests were performed 1 day before incision, and 2 hours, 1-3 days, 5 days and 7 days after incision. Results: The WF for the strongest filament was $35.0{\pm}9.1%$ before incision and this increased to $100.0{\pm}0%$ at 2 hours and to $65.0{\pm}9.1%$ at 7 days after incision. The RF to the blunt stimulus was $4.1{\pm}4.1%$ before incision and $100.0{\pm}0.0%$ at 2 hours and $42.8{\pm}10.8%$ at 7 days after incision. The WL was $6.6{\pm}0.5sec$ before incision and $2.4{\pm}0.3sec$ at 2 hours and $5.9{\pm}0.6sec$ at 7 days after incision. The pain score increased from $1.1{\pm}0.8$ to $7.4{\pm}1.5$ at 2 days after incision. Conclusions: A mouse model of acute postoperative pain was developing by making a surgical incision in the mouse hindpaw. Mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia lasting for several days demonstrate that this model has similarities to the human post-operative pain state. Future studies will allow us to further investigate the genetic and molecular mechanisms of incisional pain.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.457-466
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• 2005

The main narrative of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice deals with a dispute over the matter of bond in regard to moneylending, and its consequences upon the eventual default. Only the clever interference of a lawyer or judge brings the crisis to an end. In solving his dispute over the bond between Antonio, the merchant of Venice, and Shylock, the money lender and a Jew, Shakespeare offers one of the most famous trial scenes in literature. This trial scene presents the art of arbitration by Portia who was disguised as a Doctor of Law and sheds light on the nature of law, justice, equity, and divine law. What one cannot overlook in this trial scene is the importance of reading ability. After all, interpretation is the next stage of reading. Drawing just verdicts and wise arbitration while at the same time deconstructing the implicit violence and incongruity in law is based on ceaseless effort of analytic and creative act of reading.

• Journal of Ship and Ocean Technology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2005

In probabilistic design, the challenge is to estimate the uncertainty propagation, since outputs of subsystems at lower levels could constitute inputs of other systems or at higher levels of the multilevel systems. Three uncertainty propagation estimation techniques are compared in this paper in terms of numerical efficiency and accuracy: root sum square (linearization), distribution-based moment approximation, and Taguchi-based integration. When applied to reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) under uncertainty, it is investigated which type of applications each method is best suitable for. Two nonlinear analytical examples and one vehicle crashworthiness for side-impact simulation example are employed to investigate the unique features of the presented techniques for uncertainty propagation. This study aims at helping potential users to identify appropriate techniques for their applications in the multilevel design.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2000

In the organizing principle of Hwaeomsa temple, we could see the procedure of absorption and combination on folk beliefs and Buddhism like other temples. One of Representative folk beliefs took in and combined in its temple is Sam-Sung-Gak, which is located at the same place with Won-Tong-Geon. And Myong-Bu-Geon is affected by the Ten-Kings belief of Taoism very deeply, is also very rare folk belief case grown naturally. The diversification of Buddhist sanctum' function is absorption and combination between proper belief for the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy and folk native beliefs.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

1. It is man that plays a important role in doing harm to ecology. So human ought to understand ecology and develop their mind considering a ecology through practicing Noble eightfold Path(入正道) austerities. 2. With a view of traditional Korean medicine, it is accomplished the circulation between human and heaven and earth by Qi. And then these are inter-transformed essence, Qi and spirit and carry out unification themselves by coexisting with university. 3. I consider 'Well-being' is man-centered thinking countering to the view of ecology. Then the health of body and spirit is accomplished through the life harmonizing with nature incidentally. 4. It is need for realizing that man and nature have the mercy of Buddha in order to purify a ecosystem and our human society through practicing austerities and meditation. 5. Spirit is regarded as the important thing on Buddhism and traditional Korean medicine based on Orientalism. The purification of human mind is very important for maintaining of a ecosystem through practicing austerities and meditation.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2022

Non-Traditional Optimization methods are successfully used in solving many engineering problems. Shaft is one of important element of machines and it is used to transmit power from a machine which produces power to a machine which absorbs power. In this paper, ten non-traditional optimization methods that are ALO, GWO, DA, FPA, FA, WOA, CSO, PSO, BA and GSA are used to find minimum weight of hollow shaft to get global optimal solution. The problem has two design variables and two inequality constraints. The comparative results show that the Particle Swarm Optimization outperforms other methods and the results are validated using ANSYS.