• Exercise Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.111-120
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• 2012

The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of different cardiorespiratory fitness response to exercise training on cardiovascular disease and adipocytokine release and gene expression in abdominal obesity women. forty eight middle-age women were divided to a exercise-responder (n=34) group (ERG) and a exercise-nonresponder (n=14) group (ENRG) based on cardiorespiratory fitness after exercise training (12weeks, 1200 kcal/week, moderate-vigorous intensity, walking and jogging). Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using maximal oxygen uptake with metabolic gas analysis and body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance. We measured lipid and glucose profiles, blood adipocytokines and adipocytokine genes expression in adipose tissue. Waist girth (p=0.040), and %body fat (p=0.031) were significantly decreased in ERG than ENRG. Triglyceride (p=0.023) and systolic blood pressure (0.046) were significantly decreased in ERG than ENRG. Blood leptin (p=0.022) was significantly decrease in ERG than ENRG but leptin gene expression was decreased both groups (p<0.001). These results show that exercise-responder group improved cardiovascular disease risk factors and adipocytokine more than exercise-nonresponder group after exercise training. Moreover, exercise-nonresponders group show that obese indices and blood leptin and leptin gene expression in adipose tissue were decreased despite the failure to improve fitness. Therefore, regular exercise training seems to give health benefits although the failure to improve fitness.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2024

Objectives: Interventions promoting physical exercise and healthy habits in workplaces have been shown to be effective in reducing risk factors for metabolic syndrome. This study was conducted to examine the effects of an individualized conditioning exercise program of IT company office workers with or at higher risk of metabolic syndrome. Methods: A total of 444 IT company office workers with or at higher risk of metabolic syndrome participated in a 3-month conditioning exercise program. Body composition data using bioelectrical impedance analysis and cardiopulmonary data using cardiopulmonary exercise testing from 53 individuals (mean age: 34.8 ± 7.1 years, sex : 21% female, height : 170.4 ± 6.8 cm, weight : 75.2±12.2 kg, body mass index : 25.8±3.3 kg/m²) who have successfully completed pre-test, intervention, and post-test were analyzed. The 12 weeks intervention encompassed: (1) health counseling (2) supervised exercise(endurance-based, aerobic exercise, or circuit training once a week for 50 minutes at heart rate reserve(HRR) of 77-95%) (3) self-directed exercise and biweekly health screening checks. Results: The results indicated a significant decrease in body weight, body fat mass and body mass index, respectively. Moreover, VO₂peak, AT VO₂ and AT Time significantly improved, respectively. Resting blood pressure(SBP/DBP) showed positive changes but were not statistically significant. We observed the correlation between characteristics of participants and rate of changes in cardiopulmonary outcomes of participants, there are no significant correlation. These results indicate positive changes in body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness parameters following individualized conditioning exercise program. Conclusions: Individualized workplace exercise program for preventing metabolic syndrome can lead to improvements in body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness.

• 재활복지
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-22
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• 2018

The purpose of the study was to identify available evidence related to physical activity interventions that were effective to improve health-related physical fitness levels of children and youth with disabilities. Studies were accumulated from multiple databases (i.e., ERIC, Child Development & Adolescent Studies, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, and CINAHL Plus with Full Text). From the initial process, 1195 articles were identified and of those, 13 studies (n = 13) were analyzed. Based on the results, community-based physical activities were the most common environment of interventions followed by school-based and home-based. Further, the most improved health-related physical fitness outcomes were muscular strength, muscular endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance while limited evidence on weight reduction was available. There is a need for more research on physical activity intervention which particularly improves health related physical fitness of children and youth with disabilities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.545-551
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• 2012

Pressurization walk training (PWT) with blood flow occlusion has been investigated with regard to muscle hypertrophy and physical fitness function in athletes and healthy people. However, the cardiorespiratory and cardiovascular responses of obese people to PWT are unknown. Thus, we investigated the effects of PWT on body composition (Weight, FM, LBM, %fat, BMI), cardiovascular responses (HR, SV, CO, TVC), and cardiorespiratory responses ($VO_2max$, VEmax, HRmax) in middle-aged obese women. They participated in walk training with (n=15) blood flow occlusion and cross-sectional areas of the quadriceps on both legs. Five sets of 3-min walking (5.5 km/h at 5% grade) and 1-min resting were performed twice a day, 5 days/week for 3 weeks. The results showed that the LBM was significantly increased, and decreased body weight of reducing FM, %bodyfat in PWT ($p$<0.05). For the cardiovascular response, SBP and TPR were significantly decreased ($p$<0.05), and CO increased ($p$<0.05). In addition, the $VO_2max$ and VEmax were improved through PWT. Therefore, this study suggests that the presence of obesity in middle-aged women may result in body composition, cardiorespiratory, and cardiovascular responses caused by PWT.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.503-509
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Forest-walking exercise on gait pattern in the elderly. The subjects (n=37) were assigned to 2 groups: Forest-walking exercise (FWE) group (n=19, $66.34{\pm}4.31$ years old) and In-door treadmill-walking exercise (ITWE) group (n=18, $67.18{\pm}2.78$ years old). The subjects participated in FWE program or ITWE program (3 times/week, 80 min/day) for 12 weeks. The subjects were tested on functional fitness (strength, endurance, agility/balance, BMI) and gait pattern (cadence, velocity, and stability) at the beginning and the end of the 12-weeks program. For data analysis, mean and standard deviation scores were calculated, and independent t-test and repeated two-way ANOVA were used. The results of this study were as follow: First, FWE group was significantly more improved than ITWE group on functional fitness(lower-body muscular strength, lower-body flexibility, mobility, cardiorespiratory endurance) after 12-weeks exercise program. But both groups showed equally improvements on functional fitness (upper-body muscular strength, upper-body flexibility, BMI). Second, FWE group was significantly more improved than ITWE group on cadence, gait velocity, and gait stability after 12-weeks exercise program. Therefore, this study may suggest that Forest-walking exercise based on sensory-motor functional integration improves efficiently functional fitness and gait pattern in the elderly, and further becomes an effective exercise method that makes more dynamic life, and prevents from falling.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.74-83
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to produce the regression equation from non-exercise $VO_{2max}$ of healthy young adults and to develop a maximal oxygen consumption ($VO_{2max}$) regression model. This model was based on heart rate non-exercise predictor variables (rest heart rate, maximal heart rate/rest heart rate), as an extra addition to the general regression which can reflect an individual's inherent or acquired cardiorespiratory fitness. The subjects were 101 healthy young adults aged 19 to 35 years. Exercise testing was measured by using a Balke protocol for treadmill and indirect calorimetry. The prediction equation was analyzed by using stepwise multiple regression procedures. The mean of $VO_{2max}$ was $39.02{\pm}6.72\;m{\ell}/kg/min$ (mean${\pm}$SD). The greatest variable correlated to $VO_{2max}$ was %fat. The predictor variable used in the non-exercise $VO_{2max}$ included %fat, gender, habitual physical activity and $HR_{max}/HR_{rest}$. The non-exercise $VO_{2max}$ estimation was as follows: $VO_{2max}$($m{\ell}/kg/min$)=55.58-.41(%fat)+.59(physical activity rating)-2.69($HR_{max}/HR_{rest}$)-5.36 (male=0, female=1); (R=.85, SEE=3.64, R2=.72: including heart rate variable); $VO_{2max}$($m{\ell}/kg/min$)=48.47-.41(%fat)+.45(physical activity rating)-5.12 (male=0, female=1); (R=.84, SEE=3.74, R2=.70: with the exception of heart rate variable). As an added heart rate variable, there was only a 2% coefficient of determination improved. Therefore, these results demonstrated that heart rate variable correlation with a non-exercise regression model was very low. In conclusion, for healthy young korean adults, those variables that can affect non-exercise $VO_{2max}$ estimation turned out to be only % fat, gender, and physical activity. We suggest that further research of predictor variables for non-exercise $VO_{2max}$ is necessary for different patient groups who cannot perform maximal exercise or submaximal exercise.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1397-1411
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• 2009

This study was aimed to examine the effects of intermittent walking on health related fitness and metabolic syndrome risk factors in elderly women. Forty five elderly women were randomly assigned to three groups: three 10-min walks per day, one 30-min walk per day or no exercise, respectively. Both walking groups exercised three days a week at moderate intensity for 12 weeks. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the hypothesis with a significant level of α = .05. The results indicated that body composition(body weight, body mass index, percent body fat), muscle endurance, flexibility and cardiorespiratory fitness significantly increased after 12 weeks for both walking groups. However, it was found that muscle strength significantly increased only in a continuous walking group. Metabolic syndrome risk factors comprised of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and fasting glucose were significantly improved in both walking groups. In addition, there was a difference in these metabolic syndrome risk factors between pre and post exercise. The results of this study support the hypothesis that intermittent walking has a significant impact on health related physical fitness and metabolic syndrome rick factors in elderly women as continuous walking does.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.179-184
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a exercise combined with nutritional education for improving metabolic risk factor and dietary intakes in obese middle aged women. 35 obese (body mass index of at least ≥ 25 kg/m² or %body fat ≥ 30%) middle aged women were recruited from public health center. For intervention participants, their height, weight, percentage of body fat, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profiles, insulin resistance index, and nutrition intakes were measured at before and after post the intervention. And change of the total energy intakes per week was measured during intervention. The subjects underwent a 12 weeks educational program including nutritional education one day per week and, aerobic exercise 3 days per week (walking). After 12 weeks exercise program combined with nutritional education, body weight (p=0.002), percentage of body fat (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), waist circumference (p<0.001), WHR (p=0.004), TC (p=0.004), AI (p=0.006), DBP (p=0.010), MAP (p=0.013), glucose (p=0.018), insulin (p=0.003), HOMA-IR (p<0.001) were significantly decreased and cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly (p<0.001) increased. And energy intake was significantly (p<0.001) decreased and nutritional intake and intake-style were improved through 12 weeks exercise program combined with nutritional education.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.129-139
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• 2016

Exercise increases the expression and interaction of major neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at both central and peripheral tissues, which contributes to improved brain and neural plasticity and cognitive function. Previous findings have been to understand the effect of light or moderate intensity aerobic exercise on neurotrophic factors and cognitive function, not that of high intensity aerobic exercise. However, recent findings suggest that high intensity interval training is a safe, less time-consuming, efficient way to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and weight control, thus American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM)’s guidelines for exercise prescription for various adult populations also recommend the application of high intensity interval training to promote their overall health. High intensity interval training also enhances the expression of BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF at the brain and peripheral tissues, which improves cognitive function. Increased frequency of intermittent hypoxia and increased usage of lactate as a supplementary metabolic resource at the brain and neural components are considered a putative physiological mechanism by which high intensity interval training improves neurotrophic factors and cognitive function. Therefore, future studies are required to understand how increased hypoxia and lactate usage leads to the improvement of neurotrophic factors and what the related biological mechanisms are. In addition, by comparing with the iso-caloric moderate continuous exercise, the superiority of high intensity interval training on the expression of neurotrophic factors and cognitive function should be demonstrated by associated future studies.