• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.245-261
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the support activities provided by the franchiser and how they affect the intention of the contract renewal and business performances made by franchisees, developing dynamic trust between these transactional partners. Various supportive activities between franchiser and franchisees were divided into financial and non-financial activities and dynamic trust into Transitional-based trust, Calculative-based trust, Relational-based trust, and Balanced-based trust. These trust types, which are variable and adjustable based on the opportunistic behaviors of business parties, were applied to define the impact of the support activities on the contract renewal intention and the performances. This study was developed around domestic franchisees. An investigator visited business owners and manager level-employees, explained the purpose of the survey prior to the response, and the answers were directly written by hands. A total of 348 copies were used for the analysis. As the results of the analysis, first, financial support activities were found to have a positive(+) effect on transitional-based trust, calculative-based trust, and balanced-based trust. On the other hand, non-financial support activities were found to have a positive(+) effect on calculative-based trust, relational-based trust, and balanced-based trust, and there was no significant relationship on transitional-based trust. Second, the dynamic trust had a statistically significant positive(+) effect on inducing the contract renewal. Lastly, in the relationship between the dynamic trust and its impact on business performances, only transitional-based trust, and relational-based trust were found to have a positive(+) effect on the financial performances. In addition, relational-based trust showed a meaningful positive(+) relationship on the non-financial performances, and non-financial performace showed a meaningful positive(+) relationship on the re-contract intention. From the results, it can be concluded that the financial and non-financial activities for a win-win partnership between franchiser and franchisees are essential in not only forming dynamic trust but also boosting business performances as well as maintaining the business relationship. Thus, it suggests that building a win-win partnership can be promoted more efficiently by specifying activities best suitable for a particular relationship. In addition, a specific set of activities could be presented for establishing the level of trust that is formed in situations that vary depending on transaction risks and interdependency arising from having the transactional relationship based on the contract as the franchise industry features. Eventually, it is expected that this study can provide a way to promote the qualitative improvement of the franchise industry by identifying factors essential to establishing a sustainable win-win system and relationships that can improve the business performance of franchisees.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.21-38
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• 2012

Until recently, successful implementation of ERP systems has been a popular topic among ERP researchers, who have attempted to identify its various contributing factors. None of these efforts, however, explicitly recognize the need to identify disparities that can exist between organizational information requirements and ERP systems. Since ERP systems are in fact "packages" -that is, software programs developed by independent software vendors for sale to organizations that use them-they are designed to meet the general needs of numerous organizations, rather than the unique needs of a particular organization, as is the case with custom-developed software. By adopting standard packages, organizations can substantially reduce many of the potential implementation risks commonly associated with custom-developed software. However, it is also true that the nature of the package itself could be a risk factor as the features and functions of the ERP systems may not completely comply with a particular organization's informational requirements. In this study, based on the organizational memory mismatch perspective that was derived from organizational memory theory and cognitive dissonance theory, we define the nature of disparities, which we call "mismatches," and propose that the mismatch between organizational information requirements and ERP systems is one of the primary determinants in the successful implementation of ERP systems. Furthermore, we suggest that customization efforts as a coping strategy for mismatches can play a significant role in increasing the possibilities of success. In order to examine the contention we propose in this study, we employed a survey-based field study of ERP project team members, resulting in a total of 77 responses. The results of this study show that, as anticipated from the organizational memory mismatch perspective, the mismatch between organizational information requirements and ERP systems makes a significantly negative impact on the implementation success of ERP systems. This finding confirms our hypothesis that the more mismatch there is, the more difficult successful ERP implementation is, and thus requires more attention to be drawn to mismatch as a major failure source in ERP implementation. This study also found that as a coping strategy on mismatch, the effects of customization are significant. In other words, utilizing the appropriate customization method could lead to the implementation success of ERP systems. This is somewhat interesting because it runs counter to the argument of some literature and ERP vendors that minimized customization (or even the lack thereof) is required for successful ERP implementation. In many ERP projects, there is a tendency among ERP developers to adopt default ERP functions without any customization, adhering to the slogan of "the introduction of best practices." However, this study asserts that we cannot expect successful implementation if we don't attempt to customize ERP systems when mismatches exist. For a more detailed analysis, we identified three types of mismatches-Non-ERP, Non-Procedure, and Hybrid. Among these, only Non-ERP mismatches (a situation in which ERP systems cannot support the existing information needs that are currently fulfilled) were found to have a direct influence on the implementation of ERP systems. Neither Non-Procedure nor Hybrid mismatches were found to have significant impact in the ERP context. These findings provide meaningful insights since they could serve as the basis for discussing how the ERP implementation process should be defined and what activities should be included in the implementation process. They show that ERP developers may not want to include organizational (or business processes) changes in the implementation process, suggesting that doing so could lead to failed implementation. And in fact, this suggestion eventually turned out to be true when we found that the application of process customization led to higher possibilities of failure. From these discussions, we are convinced that Non-ERP is the only type of mismatch we need to focus on during the implementation process, implying that organizational changes must be made before, rather than during, the implementation process. Finally, this study found that among the various customization approaches, bolt-on development methods in particular seemed to have significantly positive effects. Interestingly again, this finding is not in the same line of thought as that of the vendors in the ERP industry. The vendors' recommendations are to apply as many best practices as possible, thereby resulting in the minimization of customization and utilization of bolt-on development methods. They particularly advise against changing the source code and rather recommend employing, when necessary, the method of programming additional software code using the computer language of the vendor. As previously stated, however, our study found active customization, especially bolt-on development methods, to have positive effects on ERP, and found source code changes in particular to have the most significant effects. Moreover, our study found programming additional software to be ineffective, suggesting there is much difference between ERP developers and vendors in viewpoints and strategies toward ERP customization. In summary, mismatches are inherent in the ERP implementation context and play an important role in determining its success. Considering the significance of mismatches, this study proposes a new model for successful ERP implementation, developed from the organizational memory mismatch perspective, and provides many insights by empirically confirming the model's usefulness.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.319-332
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• 2016

Alien turtles belonging to Genus Trachemys have been designated as Invasive Alien Species since 2001 and their import has been banned in Korea. However, current status of import and distribution of the other alien turtles have not been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the taxa of alien turtles introduced into Korea, to assess their potential risks to the natural ecosystems and to suggest the future management directions of them in Korea. We identified 73 species of alien turtles belonging to 9 families. Since 2008, more than 6,000 kg of turtles have been imported annually and widely distributed through the pet shops, traditional markets and individual transactions. From the survey of natural habitats, we found that 8 species belonging to 3 families including Chrysemys picta, Pseudemys concinna, P. nelsoni, P. peninsularis, P. rubriventris, Mauremys sinensis, Macrochelys temminckii and Trachemys scripta have inhabited in 12 study sites. Out of 73 alien turtles, the potential adverse impacts of 13 species to ecosystems are serious when we considered status of designation of invasive alien species in other countries. For the management of alien turtles, it is required to register alien turtles in the import list and share general information such as import purpose, distribution and management condition among relevant authorities. The breeders and distributors must be obliged to identify turtles and to record management. The government must check transfer and migration of turtles periodically to prevent their introduction and spread into natural environments. The change of alien turtle populations in natural habitats should be monitored and their management plan should be developed to control the alien turtles in areas where the impacts are significant.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.514-523
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• 2017

This study examined the effects of work-family spillover on the organizational attachment of female managers. The 4th and 5th data sets of Korean Women Manager Panel Survey established by the Korean Women's Development Institute were merged and the 5th data set for female managers was analyzed. The findings reveal that work-family support relationship is an important factor for strengthening the organizational attachment on the part of female managers. For working women, organizational support and family support is the most significant driving force for retaining their career. Second, negative spillover from family to work rather than that from work to family had a stronger impact on the organizational attachment of female managers. This finding suggests that women are not free from their status in the family, and that conflict relationships originating from the family ha a stronger impact on women's organizational attachment than that generated from work. Third, the third stage model incorporates the interaction terms of work-family spillover and organizational culture. The results showed that the interaction effect alone remains. In particular, family-work positive spillover exerts positive (+) effects on the organizational attachment only if a rational organizational culture is in place. Work-family negative spillover, however, shows negative (-) effects under rational organizational culture. Family-work negative spillover combined with rational organizational culture reinforces the organizational attachment, but has negative (-) effects under traditional organizational culture. The implications might be that women may experience negative family to work spillover, which may weaken their organizational attachment and that a rational organizational culture can reverse the spillover effect and increase the organizational attachment of female managers. No interaction effect of organizational culture appears for work to family negative spillover. A differential effect by the direction of spillover requires further study. In addition, more study will be needed to develop a more integrative model with the relevant variables not included in this study and sub-group analyses will be needed to ascertain the differences within female managers.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.267-280
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• 2016

Customer Experience Management (CEM) appeared as a complementary solution to overcome CRM limitations. CEM enhances profitability through building long-term relations with customers by understanding their experiences. This study aims at investigating the impact of customer experience quality on the willingness to pay more through customer satisfaction in the hotel businesses. The survey for this study was carried out on customers who had domestic hotel experience s within the last 6 months. Out of the 306 questionnaires retrieved, 225 valid responses were used for the empirical analysis that utilizied the statistical package programs SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. The research findings may be summarized as follows. First, as an outcome of the research hypothesis that each component of customer experience management would influence satisfaction, 'the peace of mind' & 'the moment of truth' were shown to have a significantly positive (+) impact on it. On the other hand, 'the product experience' was shown not to significantly influence it in a positive (+) way. Second, as an outcome of the research hypothesis that satisfaction would influence willingness to pay more. From the findings of the study, theoretical implications are as follows. It can be predicted that customer experience management will likely make customers more profitable because customers are willing to pay more with a sense of loyalty built through satisfaction of the hotel industry. In the practical implications, the dimension of experience quality examined by the study can be used as an index to measure and manage customer experience in the hotel industry.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.129-141
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• 2015

The mentoring program, conducted as part of an entrepreneurship education program by the Business Incubator, has been acknowledged to help entrepreneurs feel less anxious and fearful of embarking on new business endeavors and the possibility of failure and gain a positive view toward starting new businesses. For this reason, the investment into and the contents of the program have been reinforced. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the effects of mentoring functions on the improvement of the entrepreneurial mindset of young entrepreneurs and verify the moderating effect of the start-up preparation period between the mentoring functions and start-up competence as a means to analyze the interaction effect of the business start-up preparation period between the mentoring functions and entrepreneurship. For the purpose of this study, the SPSS 18.0 statistical program was used to perform validity, reliability and hierarchical factor analyses of the survey data obtained from 156 subjects, who took part in the entrepreneurship mentoring program. The results of the analyses showed that the mentoring functions had a positive impact on the progressiveness and risk-taking aspects of entrepreneurship and a negative impact on innovativeness. On the other hand, the business start-up preparation period had a significant moderating effect between the mentoring functions and the progressiveness and risk-taking aspects. Based on these results, it was deemed that while the mentoring functions efficiently improved the progressive and risk-taking characteristics of potential entrepreneurs, they were not efficient in improving their innovativeness. Also, the application of the entrepreneurship mentoring program according to the start-up preparation period had an interaction effect in which the progressiveness and risking-taking aspects of entrepreneurship were improved. Based on these findings, a proposal was made in regard to the development of a tailored mentoring program that reflects the various characteristics of the entrepreneurs and their start-up preparation periods as a means to improve their entrepreneurial mindset.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.71-94
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• 2020

Korea's innovation cluster policy has been implemented since 2005 with the goal of balanced regional development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the sustainability of innovative cluster tenants by using Pangyo Techno Valley as an example. Pangyo Techno Valley was established under the leadership of the local government (Gyeonggi-do) rather than the central government and it is called "Silicon Valley of Korea" and "Asia Silicon Valley" and is becoming more representative. The growing number of companies in Pangyo Techno Valley decreased in 2017 compared to 2016. This is because Pangyo Techno Valley's business ecosystem will change from 2019. In this paper, quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted to investigate the influencing factors. Quantitative research was conducted based on the survey and qualitative research was applied through interviews. The quantitative research examined the factors affecting the sustainability of Pangyo Techno Valley, and the qualitative research examined the specific reasons and additional factors for the quantitative research results. The quantitative results showed that factors affecting sustainability in terms of changes in corporate internal conditions, human and physical infrastructure, cooperation and synergy, and occupancy patterns. The specific reason for the impact appeared in the qualitative research process. The support category of local governments did not show any significant factors in quantitative research. In addition, qualitative research suggested 'Good image of Pangyo Techno Valley' as the category that has the greatest impact on sustainability. It is shown that companies are passive and expect the role of local governments in activating cooperation network in Pangyo Techno Valley. In this paper, based on the results of the study, Pangyo Techno Valley is presented with a realistic plan based on real estate issues and an ideal plan with a long-term perspective.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.325-344
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• 2014

Technical support of Window XP ended in March, 8, 2014, and it makes OS(Operating System) users fall in a state of confusion. Sudden decision making of OS upgrade and replacement is not a simple problem. Firms need to change the long term capacity plan in enterprise IS management, but they are pressed for time and cost to complete it. Individuals can not help selecting the second best plan, because the following OSs of Window XP are below expectations in performances, new PC sales as the opportunities of OS upgrade decrease, and the potential risk of OS technical support ending had not announced to OS users at the point of purchase. Microsoft as the OS vendors had not presented precaution or remedy for this confusion. Rather, Microsoft announced that the technical support of the other following OSs of Wndow XP such as Window 7 would ended in two years. This conflict between OS vendor and OS users could not happen in one time, but could recur in recent future. Although studies on the ways of OS user protection policy would be needed to escape from this conflict, few prior studies had conducted this issue. This study had challenge to cautiously investigate in such OS user's reactions as the confirmation with OS user's expectation in the point of purchase, three types of justice perception on the treatment of OS vendor, psychological contract violation, satisfaction and the other betrayal behavioral intention in the case of Window XP technical support ending. By adopting the justice perception on this research, and by empirically validating the impact on OS user's reactions, I could suggest the direction of establishing OS user protection policy of OS vendor. Based on the expectation-confirmation theory, the theory of justice, literatures about psychological contract violation, and studies about consumer betrayal behaviors in the perspective of Herzberg(1968)'s dual factor theory, I developed the research model and hypothesis. Expectation-confirmation theory explain that consumers had expectation on the performance of product in the point of sale, and they could satisfied with their purchase behaviors, when the expectation could have confirmed in the point of consumption. The theory of justice in social exchange argues that treatee could be willing to accept the treatment by treater when the three types of justice as distributive, procedural, and interactional justice could be established in treatment. Literatures about psychological contract violation in human behaviors explains that contracter in a side could have the implied contract (also called 'psychological contract') which the contracter in the other side would sincerely execute the contract, and that they are willing to do vengeance behaviors when their contract had unfairly been broken. When the psychological contract of consumers had been broken, consumers feel distrust with the vendors and are willing to decrease such beneficial attitude and behavior as satisfaction, loyalty and repurchase intention. At the same time, consumers feel betrayal and are willing to increase such retributive attitude and behavior as negative word-of-mouth, complain to the vendors, complain to the third parties for consumer protection. We conducted a scenario survey in order to validate our research model at March, 2013, when is the point of news released firstly and when is the point of one year before the acture Window XP technical support ending. We collected the valid data from 238 voluntary participants who are the OS users but had not yet exposed the news of Window OSs technical support ending schedule. The subject had been allocated into two groups and one of two groups had been exposed this news. The data had been analyzed by the MANOVA and PLS. MANOVA results indicate that the OSs technical support ending could significantly decrease all three types of justice perception. PLS results indicated that it could significantly increase psychological contract violation and that this increased psychological contract violation could significantly reduce the trust and increase the perceived betrayal. Then, it could significantly reduce satisfaction, loyalty, and repurchase intention, and it also could significantly increase negative word-of-month intention, complain to the vendor intention, and complain to the third party intention. All hypothesis had been significantly approved. Consequently, OS users feel that the OSs technical support ending is not natural value added service ending, but the violation of the core OS purchase contract, that it could be the posteriori prohibition of OS user's OS usage right, and that it could induce the psychological contract violation of OS users. This study would contributions to introduce the psychological contract violation of the OS users from the OSs technical support ending in IS field, to introduce three types of justice as the antecedents of psychological contract violation, and to empirically validate the impact of psychological contract violation both on the beneficial and retributive behavioral intentions of OS users. For practice, the results of this study could contribute to make more comprehensive OS user protection policy and consumer relationship management practices of OS vendor.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2014

This study aims to evaluate the impact of varying exposure to dental amalgam on urinary mercury levels in children by measuring the number of amalgam-filled teeth and the variance of mercury concentration in urine over a period of 2 years. A total of 317 (male 158, female 159) elementary school children (1st~4th graders) attending 2 schools in urban regions participated in this study. At 6-month intervals, 4 oral examinations were conducted to check any variance in the conditions of dental caries and the status of dental fillings. Also, urine tests were conducted followed by a questionnaire survey. To elucidate the factors potentially affecting the mercury concentration in urine, t-test, ANOVA, chi-square test and a mixed model were used for the analysis. Regarding the status of dental fillings in line with examination time periods, deciduous teeth had more amalgam-filled surfaces than those filled with resin, whereas permanent teeth had more resin-filled surfaces than those filled with amalgam. A significant relevance was found between the exposure to dental amalgam and urinary mercury levels. Specifically, subjects whose teeth surfaces had been filled with dental amalgam showed higher urinary mercury levels than those who had no dental amalgam fillings. Based on the analysis using the mixed model, the increase in the number of teeth surfaces filled with amalgam was found to be the factor affecting the increase in urinary mercury levels. The urinary mercury levels were found to be highly associated with the exposure to dental amalgam. The more the teeth surfaces filled with amalgam, the higher the urinary mercury levels. Hence, even a trace of dental amalgam fillings can liberate mercury, affecting the variance in the urinary mercury levels. These findings suggest that some criteria or measures should be developed to minimize the exposure to dental amalgam. Moreover, relevant further studies are warranted.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.79-92
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• 2020

This study aimed at analyzing the current status and further needs of ecological information which is provided with the civil servants in the process of climate change adaptation planning in ecosystem sector and at providing suggestions for future development of ecological knowledge on climate change. Therefore, we conducted a questionary survey titled as "the knowledge-base and information needs for climate change adaptation in ecosystem sector" with the civil servants who are engaged with adaptation practices in the ecology related divisions in 17 regional local governments (RLG) and the affiliated basic local governments (BLG) in Korea. As a result, the characteristics of ecological information which is applied in public practices was analyzed and strategies for improved utilization was suggested. 75% of the respondents (RLG 85% and BLG 72%) were aware of the relativeness between the existence and utilization of ecological information and the execution of climate adaptation practices in ecosystem sector. They were agreed with the necessity of ecological information not only in adaptation practices but also overall affairs in the ecological related division in the local government (RLG 82% and BLG 72%). The current situation of utilizing ecological information which is produced from central orlocal government to civil affairs were only represented as 64 persons (28%) in RLG and 42 persons (18%) in BLG. One of the major obstacles that the respondents confront with when applying ecological information to public practices was deficit of prior knowledge on the ecological information itself, such as awareness of the characteristics of ecological information and the link with public affairs for adaptation plans. Therefore, delivering current knowledge and ecological information on climate change by educational and promotional method is an urgent priority to the civil servant. The future needs on ecological information for local government servants were deduced as basic information on local ecosystem and applied knowledge on local development to meet the biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services at the same time. The respondents expected not only the specific guidelines for using ecological information to apply on the adaptation plans in the relevant divisions of the local governments but also the institution where the usage activation of ecological information would be operated and managed to enhance the information utilizing structure in the local government. In the nation-wide, the capacity of local governments should be enhanced with adaptation knowledge and the application of appropriate information to the public practices by central government's aiding with the better quality of information, its public promotion, and the applicability to civil affairs.