• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 1998

The present study was conducted to characterize maternal antibody status which haemagglutination inhibition(HI) titers against canine parvovirus(CPV) in the 15 puppies delivered from 3 dams. The range of HI titers of 5 puppies delivered from a mother dog(A) with HI titer of 1 : 1,024 were 1 : 16~1 : 64 at 1 day old before suckling, 1 : 512~1 : 1,024 at 2 days old after suckling, 1 : 512~1 : 2,048 at 1 week old, 1 : 256~l : 1,024 at 2 weeks old, 1 : 128~l : 512 at 3 weeks old, 1 : 128~l : 256 at 4 weeks old, 1 : 32~1 : 128 at 5 weeks old, 1 : 16~1 : 64 at 6 weeks old, 1 : 16~1 : 64 at 7 weeks old, and 1 : 16~l : 32 at 8 weeks old. After vaccination with DHPPL to canine parvovirus in 60 days and 80 days old puppies, 1 : 8~l : 32 at 9 weeks old, 1 :16~1 : 128 at 10 weeks old, 1 : 32~1 : 256 at 11 weeks old, 1 : 16~1 : 256 at 12 weeks old, 1 : 128~1 : 256 at 13 weeks old, 1 : 64~l : 512 at 14 weeks old, and 1 : 128~1 : 512 at 15 weeks old. The HI titers of 3 puppies delivered from a mother dog(B) with HI titer of 1 : 512 were 1 : 16 at 1 day old before suckling, 1 : 256~1 : 512 at 2 days old after suckling, 1 : 512 at 1 week old, 1 : 128~1 : 256 at 2 weeks old, 1 : 64~1 : 128 at 3 weeks old, 1 : 64~1 : 128 at 4 weeks old, 1 : 128 at 5 weeks old, 1 : 64~1 : 128 at 6 weeks old, 1 : 16 at 7 weeks old, and 1 : 8 at 8 weeks old. After vaccination with DHPPL to canine parvovirus in 60 day and 80 days old puppies, < : 8~l : 8 at 9 weeks old, < : 8 ~1 : 16 at 10 weeksold, 1 : 64~1 : 128 at 11 weeks old, and 1 : 256~1 : 512 at 12 weeks old. The HI titers of 7 puppies delivered from mother dog(C) with Hl titer 1 : 1,024 were 1 : 512~1 : 1,024 at 2 days old after suckling, 1 : 256~1 : 1,024 at 1 week old, 1 : 256~l : 1,024 at 2 weeks old, 1 : 64~1 : 512 at 3 weeks old, 1 : 64~1 : 512 at 4weeks old, 1 : 8~l : 64 at 5 weeks old, 1 : 8~1 : 64 at 6weeks old, 1 : 8~1 : 32 at 7 weeks old, and < : 8~1 : 8 at 8 weeks old. Antibody to CPV was transferred mainly from mother to progeny through the colostrum and the transferred maternal antibody was in proportion to the HI titer of the mother As the HI titer of maternal antibody in puppies was low, puppies have a rapid immune response and a massive rise in HI titer to vaccination against CPV compared with puppies haying high level of maternal antibody.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 2017

According to the advance of antiretroviral regimen and the early treatment strategy, people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are achieving the goal of virologic suppression and immune restoration. Most of them no more die of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) defining illnesses, and become older with chronic comorbidities such as cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatic, renal and neurological diseases. However some PLWH still visit hospitals as late presenters with very low CD4+ T cell counts, so that they suffer AIDS defining illnesses to die or experience severe neurological complications resulting in disabilities. Early palliative interventions are needed on the various symptoms of PLWH. Thus far chronic pains such as distal symmetric sensory polyneuropathies have been underevaluated. Active pain-relieving interventions are important to them. Recently we define end of life condition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or eligibility to hospice care after adjusting current status of HIV treatment. Hospice teams should pay attention to the specific medical conditions, psychological needs, and social circumstances of PLWH. With just standard precautions as common infection control measures, general hospice cares can be provided to them like to other hospices subjects. For giving PLWH opportunities to have the end of life with value and dignity, hospice multidisciplinary team should intervene them early and aggressively. Now we need more clinical experiences and institutional improvements.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.505-519
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• 2008

For screening the appropriate field diagnostic techniques to failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer(FPT) in Korean-indigenous calves, 258 sera was examined by spectinophotometry for total protein(TP) and globulin(Glo), sodium sulfate precipitation test(SSPT), zinc sulfate turbidity test(ZSTT), and single radial immunodiffusion test(sRID). All calves aged within 6-week old. Morbidity and mortality to various diseases, mainly including enteric and respiratory disorders, were 18.9%(49) and 4.2%(11), respectively. FPT was 27,9%(72/258) when the cutoff point of TP was $4.5g/d{\ell}$ and among them the morbidity and mortality were 27.9% and 6.9%, respectively. FPT was 29.1%(75/258) when the cutoff point of Glo was $2.0g/d{\ell}$ and among them the morbidity and mortality were 29.0% and 6.9%, respectively. FPT was 13.1%(34/258) when the cutoff point of SSPT was 1+ and among them the morbidity and mortality were 67.6% and 23.5%, respectively. FPT was 19.7%(51/258) when the cutoff point of IgG with sRID was $1,000mg/d{\ell}$ and among them the morbidity and mortality were 41.1% and 11.7%, respectively. In addition, mean concentration of IgG with sRID tested was $2,150mg/d{\ell}$ at 3-day old but $1,100mg/d{\ell}$ at 9-days with $1,100mg/d{\ell}$. The results of the study were suggested that SSPT for FPT was the relatively reliable and convinient method for evaluating the immune status of calves(P<0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1992

To elucidate alteration of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) activity of peripheral lymphocytes and helper/inducer and suppressor/cytototxic T cells in patients with thyroid tumors, the author examined PNP activity, and $CD4^+\;and\;CD8^+$ cells of peripheral blood in 20 cases of simple goiter, 9 cases of thyroid adenoma and 20 cases of thyroid cancer as well as 11 cases of adult healthy subjects as control. Diagnoses were established on the basis of commonly accepted clinical and biochemical criteria in simple goiter and were confirmed histopathologically in thyroid adenoma and cancer. All blood was obtained from veins of the patients and control subjects in Pusan National University Hospital during the period of January to August, 1991. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) The PNP activity was significantly decreased or tended to be decreased in thyroid adenomas and cancers as compared with control subjects and simple goiters. 2) The percentage of CD8 cells was significantly decreased or tended to be decreased in thyroid cancers as compared with simple goiters, thyroid adenomas and control subjects. 3) The CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly increased or tended to be increased in thyroid cancer as compared with simple goiters, thyroid adenomas and control subjects. On the basis of the results, it can be suggested that the immunodysfunction in thyroid cancer may be due to decreased suppressor/cytotoxic T cells, and the estimation of PNP activity of peripheral lymphocyte is a helpful test in detecting the immune status in thyroid tumors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.1-23
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• 2005

Kochujang, a fermented hot pepper soybean paste, is a spicy condiment mixed with red pepper, boiled rice and mold fermented soybean (as koji) which is then fermented for several months. It has unique taste of hot, sweet, salty and savory flavor by all mixed ingredients by fermentation, and is one of most famous Korean traditional foods. The scale of the kochujang industry is about 200 billion won in Korea, and 7.8 million dollars and 4,500 tons in exports. Although it is still not a large part of the food industry in Korea, the scale of soy products will increase because it is a major subsidiary food in our dietary life and has grown from a homemade to a mass produced product. Kochujang has the largest market in the scale of sales among fermented soybean products and has merit because of its domestic base and its ability to grow to an international market due to its unique fermented taste. In order to make kochujang an international food, it Is necessary to study the scientific development of kochujang and the diversity of products using kochujang that are fitted to the taste of people around the world. In addition, participation in various exhibitions and food fairs supported by the government should help to promote kochujang throughout the world. In addition, these should be actively supported by the related businesses. Red pepper, a major ingredient in kochujang, has been widely studied and shown to have a positive effect on the reduction of fat, on the strengthening of the immune system, and on active biological functions. A fermented spice like kochujang has been shown to be beneficial for the body due to the process of fermentation rather than from the red pepper itself. If we prove the various biological functions of kochujang with a particular taste and flavor, it will energize a new market. It is necessary for business to make a continuous effort supported fly the scientific world and by government policy, in order to introduce this traditional food to the world. In the present day, the kochujang market is now on a firm basis and has been activated in the field of its study. Now, it is possible to achieve the birth of a secondary international market by concentrating on these efforts.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.49-64
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• 1984

During the 1978-79 Newcastle disease (ND) epizootic period, a detailed survey was conducted on the five representative farms which had been following one of the recommended vaccination programs. When the disease broke out during laying period, clinical symptoms were mild to moderate respiratory distress and greenish diarrhea. Affected flocks experienced weekly mortality from less than 1% to 17%. Egg production returned to normal 18 to 36 days after the initial signs appeared although some flocks never returned to normal. On postmortem examination,, most affected chickens showed severe hemorrhagic lesions in the duodenum, hematoma on ova, and heavy fat accmulation on various visceral organs. Most of the NO affected flocks had geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition antibody(HIA) titers of 7 log$_2$ or higher two to three weeks after the appearance of clinical signs. These HIA titers were at least 16-fold higher than those before infection. Flock mean HIA titers before infection were usually lower than 3 log$_2$. Severity of clinical signs and anamnestic antibody response were maximum in the flocks whose vaccination immunity was insufficient or waned considerably. Observations showed that even young birds, if properly vaccinated, could get effective protection from field ND exposure.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.405-416
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• 1995

FBs, secondary metabolites of several species of Fusaria, especially Fusarium moniliforme and F proliferatum, are commonly contaminated in com and other food grains throughout the world. Only recently identified, these mycotoxins have been associated field outbreaks of ELEM in horses and PPE in pigs. Currently, naturally or experimentally induced FB toxicosis has been studied in poultry, ruminants and rabbits. Poultry fed FB showed decreased growth rate, performance, and immune competence, as well as embryopathic, and embryocidal effects, and ricktes. Ruminants seem to be relatively less susceptible to FBs than other doestic animal. FB toxicosis reveals that liver is a target organ in all species, although other organs are affected in a species specific manner. Recently, the main target organs for $FB_1$ toxicity in rabbits was shown to be the kidney. Even low concentrations of FBs are likely to be a problem for animal health. A current study being conducted showed that feed containing low level of $FB_1$ reduces the ability of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in pig to clear blood-borne particles which would increase the susceptibility of animals to bacterial disease. The mechanism of FB toxicity remains unknown, but may be related to altered sphingolipid biosynthesis by inhibiting sphinganine N-acyltransferase. Elevations of serum and tissue SA:SO ratio have been observed in horse, pig, chicken, turkey, and rabbit, which could could serve as in effective biomarker for consumption of FB-containing feeds. There is limited information detailing dose-effect relationships either from field cases or in the laboratory. More research on the factors, including the prevalence and tolerance levels of FBs in feedstuffs that cause domestic animal disease associated with FBs, is urgently needed.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2012

The world's first face transplantation was performed in France, in 2005. Since then, 21 cases of face transplantation have been performed. Face transplantation is one of the most prominent part of composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) along with hand transplantation. Since these fields are not deal with life-saving organs, there are many arguments about immunosuppression therapy. Recent paradigm of face transplantation shows that surgical ranges are expanded from partial face transplantation to full face transplantation. Most immunosuppression protocols are triple therapy, which consists of tacrolimus (FK-506), mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone. Anatomical researches, immunosuppression, and immunotolerance take great parts in the researches of CTA. The medical fields directly related to face transplantation are microsurgery, immunology, and transplantation. Nowadays, each field is performed widely. Therefore people, even medical teams think face transplantation could be easily realized, sooner or later. But there are lots of things that should be prepared for not only practice and immunosuppression therapy but also for the cooperation with relevant fields. That's the reason why only 21 cases of face transplantation have been done, while more than 70 cases of hand transplantation have been done in the past years. Especially in Korea, brain death patients are not enough even for organ transplantation and furthermore there are some troubles in taking part in the society of transplantation. Face transplantation has lots of problems concerning variable medical fields, administration, society, ethics, and laws. Therefore, for the realization of face transplantation in Korea, not only medical skills but also political powers are needed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.877-883
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• 2006

A feeding trial was conducted on commercial broilers for a period of 35 days to determine the individual and combined effects of aflatoxin (AF) and T-2 toxin (T-2) on performance, organ weights and immune status. The efficacy of dietary glucomannan-containing yeast product (GYP) ($Mycosorb^{(R)}$) and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) in preventing the adverse effects of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin was also evaluated. Twelve dietary treatments ($4{\times}3$ factorial) comprising two dietary levels each of AF (0 and 2 mg/kg), T-2 toxin (0 and 1 mg/kg), GYP (0 and 1 kg/ton) and HSCAS (0 and 10 kg/ton) were tested on 720 commercial broiler chickens divided at random into 36 replicates of 20 chicks each (10 males and 10 females). Weight gain and feed intake were recorded weekly. Organ morphology and antibody titers for Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) were measured on the $35^{th}$ day. AF and T-2 toxin individually decreased weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.05). AF alone (p<0.05) increased weights of liver, kidney, gizzard and spleen and reduced thymus and bursal weights. T-2 toxin (p<0.05) increased liver and gizzard weights and decreased thymus weight. Both AF and T-2 toxin when fed individually affected ND and IBD titers in a significant manner. Significant interactions between AF and T-2 toxin were observed for their additive effects on weight gain, FCR, organ weights and antibody titers. Addition of GYP (p<0.05) improved weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and restored the organ weights. Antibody titers against ND and IBD were significantly improved with the supplementation of GYP. Supplementation of HSCAS (p<0.05) resulted in improvement in weight gain and restored organ weights in the groups fed AF alone, but not in T-2 toxin fed groups. HSCAS inclusion did not influence FCR in toxin fed groups. Addition of HSCAS (p<0.05) improved the antibody titers against ND and IBD only in AF fed groups. Thus, the results indicate that addition of GYP is effective in averting the individual and combined toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin in commercial broilers, while HSCAS is effective only against aflatoxin.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.14
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• pp.5733-5739
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• 2014

Background: Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy in the world. Beta glucan can be a hematopoietic and an immune modulator agent in cancer patients. The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of beta glucan on white blood cell counts and serum levels of IL-4 and IL-12 in women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 30 women with breast carcinoma aged 28-65 years. The eligible participants were randomly assigned to intervention (n=15) or placebo (n=15) groups using a block randomization procedure with matching based on age, course of chemotherapy and menopause status. Patients in the intervention group received two 10-mg capsules of soluble 1-3, 1-6, D-beta glucan daily and the control group receiving placebo during 21 days, the interval between two courses of chemotherapy. White blood cells, neuthrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts as well as serum levels of IL-4 and IL-12 were measured at baseline and at the end of the study as primary outcomes of the study. Results: In both groups white blood cell counts decreased after 21 days of the intervention, however in the beta glucan group, WBC was less decreased non significantly than the placebo group. At the end of the study, the change in the serum level of IL-4 in the beta glucan group in comparison with the placebo group was statistically significant (p=0.001). The serum level of IL-12 in the beta glucan group statistically increased (p=0.03) and comparison between two groups at the end of the study was significant after adjusting for baseline values and covariates (p=0.007). Conclusions: The findings suggest that beta glucan can be useful as a complementary or adjuvant therapy and immunomodulary agent in breast cancer patients in combination with cancer therapies, but further studies are needed for confirmation.