• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.550-560
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• 2022

Background: The effect of ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) on mast cell-mediated anaphylaxis remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the effects of G-Rh2 on OVA-induced asthmatic mice and on mast cell-mediated anaphylaxis. Methods: Asthma model was established for evaluating airway changes and ear allergy. RPMCs and RBL-2H3 were used for in vitro experiments. Calcium uptake, histamine release and degranulation were detected. ELISA and Western blot measured cytokine and protein levels, respectively. Results: G-Rh2 inhibited OVA-induced airway remodeling, the production of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-8, IL-1β and the degranulation of mast cells of asthmatic mice. G-Rh2 inhibited the activation of Syk and Lyn in lung tissue of OVA-induced asthmatic mice. G-Rh2 inhibited serum IgE production in OVA induced asthmatic mice. Furthermore, G-Rh2 reduced the ear allergy in IgE-sensitized mice. G-Rh2 decreased the ear thickness. In vitro experiments G-Rh2 significantly reduced calcium uptake and inhibited histamine release and degranulation in RPMCs. In addition, G-Rh2 reduced the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-4 in IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells. Interestingly, G-Rh2 was involved in the FcεRI pathway activation of mast cells and the transduction of the Lyn/Syk signaling pathway. G-Rh2 inhibited PI3K activity in a dose-dependent manner. By blocking the antigen-induced phosphorylation of Lyn, Syk, LAT, PLCγ2, PI3K ERK1/2 and Raf-1 expression, G-Rh2 inhibited the NF-κB, AKT-Nrf2, and p38MAPK-Nrf2 pathways. However, G-Rh2 up-regulated Keap-1 expression. Meanwhile, G-Rh2 reduced the levels of p-AKT, p38MAPK and Nrf2 in RBL-2H3 sensitized IgE cells and inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway activation by activating the AKT-Nrf2 and p38MAPK-Nrf2 pathways. Conclusion: G-Rh2 inhibits mast cell-induced allergic inflammation, which might be mediated by the AKT-Nrf2/NF-kB and p38MAPK-Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathways.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2002

Background: To investigate the role of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in moxibustion-induced immunomodulation, the effects of chemical sympathectomy on moxibustion-induced changes in splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, T and B cell proliferation were studied in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Methods: Chemical sympathectomy was achieved with intraperitoneal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine 50 mg/kg/day for 3 successive days. Direct moxibustion (6-minute interval, 9 moxa ball, each of which weighing 0.007 g and burning for 40 seconds) was applied on unilateral anterior tibial muscle region where Zusanli (ST36) acupoint is located, once a day for 7 successive days. NK cell cytotoxicity was measured by $4hr-^{51}Cr$ release assay. Mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was analyzed by [$^3H$]-thymidine incorporation assay. Results: NK cell cytotoxicity was suppressed by moxibustion, more in sympathectomized rats than in vehicle-treated rats. T cell proliferation induced by concanavalin A was not affected by moxibustion. B cell proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide showed no significant change in vehicle-treated rats, but an increase in sympathectomized rats by moxibustion. Sympathectomy alone induced augmentation of NK cell cytotoxicity and suppression of T cell proliferation. Conclusion: These results suggest that SNS has no direct relation with moxibution-induced immunomodulation but has an important role in the mechanism to keep the homeostasis of immune system by tonically inhibiting excessive changes of various immune components.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.198-210
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• 2002

Background : Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder under immunological influence. Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang are herbal decoctions used for treating asthma in traditional herbal medicine. Objective : To evaluate the effects of Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang on immune cell & serum OA-specific IgE in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in rat asthma model. Material and Methods : Rats were sensitized with ovalbumin (OA); at day 1 sensitized group and Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang groups were systemically immunized by subcutaneous injection of 1mg OA and 300mg of Al(OH)$_3$ in a total volume of 2ml. At the same time, 1 ml of 0.9% saline containing 6 x 10$^{9}$ B. pertussis bacilli was injected by i.p. 14 days after the systemic immunization, rats received local immunization by inhaling 0.9% saline aerosol containing 2%(wt/vol) OA. A day after local immunization, HAL fluid was collected from the rats. Rats were orally administered with each of Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang extract for 14 days from the day after local immunization. Lymphocyte, CD4+ T cell CD8+ T cell counts, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, change of serum OA-specific IgE level, CD4+ T cell CD8+ T cell percentages in the peripheral blood were measured and evaluated. Results : Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang showed an alleviating effect on asthmatic responses of rats. Shinbi-tang decreased total cell, lymphocyte, CD4+ T cell in BALF, serum OA-specific IgE level as compared with the control group. Gamishinbi-tang decreased total cell, lymphocyte, CD4+ T cell, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in HALF as compared with the control group. CD4+/CD8+ ratio in HALF from Shinbi-tang group and serum OA-specific IgE level from Gamishinbi-tang group didn't show any significant variation from control group. CD8+ T cell in HALF, CD3+CD4+ T cell and CD3+CD8+ T cell percentages in peripheral blood showed no significant variation among groups. Conclusion : Shinbi-tang and Gamishinbi-tang alleviated asthmatic hypen-eactivity of the rat immune system through CD4+ T cell and serum IgE. Further the study of immune system modulating mechanism is expected.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.715-720
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• 1994

${\alpha}2-macroglobulin$ $({\alpha}2-M)$ has been shown to have a variety of activities. One of those activities is the suppression of immune response. Characterization of the immunosuppressive factor secreted by a T cell hybridoma showed that ${\alpha}2-M$ was produced and secreted from the T cell hybridoma. ${\alpha}2-M$ was produced abundantly from the T cell hybridoma when cultured as ascites. The isolation and identification of the ${\alpha}2-M$ were studied using affinity chromatography and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. The extended observations were that the ${\alpha}2-M$ produced by the T cell hybridoma suppresses mixed lymphocyte reaction.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.684-689
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• 1996

PALMIWON is composed of 8 oriental herbs which has been known to show some pharmacological effects in kidney, blood vessels and immune systems, and used for the treatment of kid ney disease, hypertension, nervous disease and diabetic mellitus in the Orient for a long time. Based on our previous report that PALMIWON showed different effects on immune cells and ${\beta}$-cells, the immunoreactivity of ICSA (Islet Cell Surface Antibody) with ${\beta}$-cell (RINm5F) and the cell proliferation and function of interleukin-1${\beta}$ damaged ${\beta}$-cells in the presence of PALMIWON were examined. It was observed that PALMIWON significantly inhibited the immunoreactivity of ICSA with ${\beta}$-cell, and markedly increased cell proliferation and insulin release of interleukin-1${\beta}$ damaged ${\beta}$-cells.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2017

Despite improved treatment outcomes of locally advanced disease over the last 2 decades, the survival of patients with recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains dismal. There is a clear need for development of novel therapeutic strategies for recurrent and/or metastatic HNSCC. Recent advances in understanding tumor immunology have been directly and rapidly translated into clinical success of T cell-directed immunotherapeutic approach in the treatment of several types of solid cancers. Among them, impact of immune checkpoint inhibition using neutralizing antibodies is the most striking. A variety of immunotherapeutic strategies targeting T cells have been also studied in HNSCC, especially in recurrent and/or metastatic setting even with significant survival benefit. The present article reviews the basic concept of T cell-directed immunotherapy and the current status of such approaches in the treatment of HNSCC.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.847-854
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• 2016

The early landmark discoveries in cancer metabolism research have uncovered metabolic processes that support rapid proliferation, such as aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), glutaminolysis, and increased nucleotide biosynthesis. However, there are limitations to the effectiveness of specifically targeting the metabolic processes which support rapid proliferation. First, as other normal proliferative tissues also share similar metabolic features, they may also be affected by such treatments. Secondly, targeting proliferative metabolism may only target the highly proliferating "bulk tumor" cells and not the slowergrowing, clinically relevant cancer stem cell subpopulations which may be required for an effective cure. An emerging body of research indicates that altered metabolism plays key roles in supporting proliferation-independent functions of cancer such as cell survival within the ischemic and acidic tumor microenvironment, immune system evasion, and maintenance of the cancer stem cell state. As these aspects of cancer cell metabolism are critical for tumor maintenance yet are less likely to be relevant in normal cells, they represent attractive targets for cancer therapy.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.515-523
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• 2016

Long-term immunity to many viral and bacterial pathogens requires$ CD8^+$ memory T cell development, and the induction of long-lasting$ CD8^+$ memory T cells from a $na{\ddot{i}}ve$, undifferentiated state is a major goal of vaccine design. Formation of the memory$ CD8^+$ T cell compartment is highly dependent on the early activation cues received by $na{\ddot{i}ve}$ $CD8^+$ T cells during primary infection. This review aims to highlight the cellularity of various niches within the lymph node and emphasize recent evidence suggesting that distinct types of T cell activation and differentiation occur within different immune contexts in lymphoid organs.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.390-397
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• 2013

Primary-cultured immune cells are widely used in research to elucidate the mechanism of inflammation including chemotaxis, production of reactive oxygen species, cytokine release and antigen presenting. Mice are one of the species of experimental animals commonly used for such studies. Immune cells can be isolated and cultured from various organs such as bone marrow, peritoneal cavity, lung, spleen. For elaborated experimental studies, immune cells should be elicited with inflammatory substances or proliferated in vitro with special media. This paper details methods of obtaining immune cells from various organs of mice and investigating immune mechanism using isolated immune cells. It contains standard protocols of isolating and culturing immune cells from bone marrow, peritoneal cavity and lymphoid organs. It also covers the methods of investigating immune mechanism such as ELISA, western blotting, confocal microscopy and ELISPOT assay. With the works in this study, we established the standardized isolation and analysis methods of primary-cultured immune cells.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.46-58
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate intestinal immune system activation and anti-metastatic effect on cancer cells by orally administered extracts of Boyanghwano-tang. Methods: To observe immunomodulating effects of Boyanghwano-tang on Peyer's patch cells, we measured cytokines GM-CSF, IL-4. In addition to observing effects of Boyanghwano-tang on hematopoiesis, we measured proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer's patch cells in vitro. IgA induction activated in intestinal content and serum was measured to observe the effect of orally administered Boyanghwano-tang on mucosal immune system. After administering ovalbumin (OVA) with Boyanghwano-tang, Proliferation of Peyer's patch cell was measured to investigate gut immunostimulatory effect. Anti-metastatic experiments were conducted in vivo mouse model by using colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell. Results: The amounts of GM-CSF and IL-4 in the culture supernatant of Peyer's patch cells were significantly increased compared to the control group. The proliferation of bone marrow cell was significantly up-regualted with Boyanghwano-tang. These results indicate that oral administration of Boyanghwano-tang enhances the secretion of hematopoietic growth factors such as GM-CSF and IL-4 from Peyer's patch cells, and these cytokines also act on modulator of bone marrow cell proliferation. After orally administering OVA with Boyanghwano-tang, IgA induction and Proliferation of peyer's patch cell was up-regulated with Boyanghwano-tang. These results means orally administered Boyanghwano-tang activates intestinal immune system and has an inhibitory effect on tumor metastasis. In addition, We found that orally administered Boyanghwano-tang significantly inhibited tumor metastasis in vivo. Conclusions: Orally administered Boyanghwano-tang appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation of immune system.