• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1393-1403
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• 2003

The genetic effects of restraint stress challenge on HPA axis and the therapeutic effect of Boshimgeonbi-Tang on the stress were studied with cDNA microarray analyses on hypothalamus using an immobilization-stress mouse as stress model. Male CD-1 mice were restrained in a tightly fitted and ventilated vinyl holder for 2hours once a day, and this challenge was repeated for seven consecutive days. The body weights of the immobilization-stress mice were diminished about 25 percent degree as compared to normal ones. Seven days later, total RNA was extracted from the organs of the mouse, body-labeled with CyDye/sup TM/ fluorescence dyes (Amersham Bioscience Co., NJ), and then hybridized to cDNA microarray chip. Scanning and analyzing the array slides were carried out using GenePix 4000 series scanner and GenePix Pro/sup TM/ analyzing program, respectively. The expression profiles of 109 genes out of 6000 genes on the chip were significantly modulated in hypothalamus by the immobilization stress. Energy metabolism-, lipid metabolism-, apoptosis- and signal transduction-related genes were transcriptionally activated whereas DNA repair-, protein biosynthesis-, and structure integrity-related genes were down-regulated in hypothalamus. The 58 genes were up-regulated by the mRNA expression folds of 1.5 to 7.9. and the 51 genes were down-regulated by 1.5 - 3.5 fold. The 20 genes among them were selected to confirm the expression profiles by RT-PCR. The mRNA expression levels of Tnfrsf1a (apoptosis), Calm2 (cell cycle), Bag3 (apoptosis), Hspe1 (protein folding), Aatk (apoptosis), Dffa (apoptosis), Itgb1 (cell adhesion), Vcam1 (cell adhesion), Fkbp5 (protein folding), BDNF (neuron survival) were restored to the normal one by the treatment of Boshimgeonbi-Tang.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1585-1593
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• 2005

The genetic effects of restraint stress challenge on HPA axis and the therapeutic effect of Boshimgeonbi-tang on the stress were studied with cDNA microarray analyses, RT-PCR on hypothalamus using an immobilization-stress mice as an animal model. Male CD-1 mice were restrained in a tightly fitted and ventilated vinyl holder for 2hrs once a day, and this challenge was repeated for seven· consecutive days. In the change of body weight it showed that the Boshimgeonbi-tang is effected recovery on weight loss caused by the immobilization-stress. Seven days later, total RNA was extracted from the organs of the mouse, body-labeled with $CyDye^{TM}$ fluorescence dyes and then hybridized to CDNA microarray chip. Scanning and analyzing the array slides were carried out using GenePix4000 series scanner and GenePix $Pro^{TM}$ analyzing program, respectively. The expression profiles of 109 genes out of 6000 genes on the chip were significantly modulated in hypothalamus by the immobilization stress. Energy metabolism-, lipid metabolism-, apoptosis-, stress protein, transcriptional factor, and signal transduction-related genes were transcriptionally activated whereas DNA repair-, protein biosysthesis-, and structure integrity-related genes were down-regulated in hypothalamus. The 58 genes were up-regulated by the mRNA expression folds of 1.5 to 7.9. and the 51 genes were down-regulated by 1.5 - 5.5 fold. The 11 genes among them were selected to confirm the expression profiles by RT-PCR. The mRNA expression levels of Tnfrsf1a (apoptosis), Calm2 (cell cycle), Bag3 (apoptosis), Ogg1 (DNA repair), Aatk (apoptosis), Dffa (apoptosis), Fkbp5 (protein folding) were restored to the normal one by the treatment of Boshimgeonbi-tang.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.99-114
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• 2003

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Chaihushugansan and Chaihuyigantang on the change of monoamine-contents in the hypothalamus of mice induced by the immobilization stress. Each formula(1.0g/kg) was injected intragastrically to mice 1 hour prior to the immobilzation stress(15 minutes) before measuring the change of monoamine-contents level in mice hypothalamus. The results were as follows: 1. DA content at control group showed significant change. CHSGS group and CHYGT group showed significant decrease.(P<0.05) 2. NE content of the control group was increased than normal group. NE content of the CHYGT group was shown a significant decrease than control group.(P<0.05) 3. DOPAC contents didn't show significant changes at any groups. 4. 5-HT contents didn't show significant changes at any groups. 5. 5-HIAA contents at CHSGS group and CHYGT group showed signifiant changes.(P<0.05, 0.01) These data revealed that chaihushugansan and chaihuyigantang might have the anti-stress effect through the control of DA and NE contents in the hypothalamus.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2001

To elucidate the preventive effect of oriental medicine Gami-Ondamtang(GO) on stress, we investigated the physiological change of rats which were applied immobilization stress. For immobilization stress, rats were placed in restrainer for 12 hours a day for 3 days. During application of stress, body weight of rats was measured. After sacrifice, 8 organs were taken for measurement of organ weight. Brain was sectioned into 4 parts that are Frontal Cortex, Corpus Striatum, Hypothalamus and Hippocampus. Each part was homogenated and its catecholamine and serotonin contents were measured with HPLC. In our study, stress mainly induced increase of concentration of neurotransmitters in brain without other significant physical change of rats. GO inhibited stress induced changes of neurotransmitter content in brain.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 1997

Berberine, a protoberberine isoquinoline alkaloid, showed inhibitory effects on dopamine content in PC12 cells $(53.8\%\;inhibition\;at\;20\;{\mu}M)$. Tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway, was inhibited at $20\;{\mu}M)$ of berberine by $21.8\%$ relative to control. Thus, we hypothesized that the inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by berberine might be partially contributed to the decrease in dopamine content in PC12 cells. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of berberine on catecholamine content of serum after immobilization and cold stress in mice. Adult male mice were either subjected to 30 min of restraint or to 2 hr of cold chamber at $4-6^{\circ}C$. Serum norepinephrine, 16.8 pmol/ml, in control mice was increased to 28.8 pmol/ml by immobilization and the stress-induced rise in serum norepinephrine was partially blocked by the treatment of berberine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) once a day for 6 days. Berberine (10 mg/kg/day for 3 days, i.p.) also inhibited the increase in serum norepinephrine by cold stress in mice. These results suggest that berberine may be developed as the promising antistress agent.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3 s.71
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• pp.183-196
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• 2007

Objective : This study was conducted in order to find the effects of Gammaekdaejo-tang (Ganmaidazao-tang, GDT) by subjecting rats to immobilization stress, thereby inducing depression, anxiety and acquisition-retention defects. Method : Rats treated with normal saline, GDT 200mg/kg and GDT 400mg/kg were subjected to stress by immobilization. Afterwards, behavior changes were observed by elevated plus maze test, acquisition test and retention test in the Morris water maze. The results were obtained by immunohistochemically measuring stress hormone (corticosteroid) levels in the blood. Results and Conclusions : 1. The open arm test in the elevated plus maze showed that compared with the normal group, the time spent decreased in the control group and increased in the GDT 400mg/kg group. 2. The locomotor activity test in the elevated plus maze revealed that the control group showed significant activity decrease compared with the normal group but significant increase in the GDT 400mg/kg group. 3. The acquisition test in the Morris water maze showed that the acquisitive ability of the control group significantly deteriorated on the 3rd and 4th day compared with the normal group, but improved significantly in the GDT 200mg/kg and GDT 400mg/kg groups. 4. The retention test on the 7th day in the Morris water maze revealed that the retentive ability of the control group significantly deteriorated compared with the normal group, but the retentive ability of the GDT 400mg/kg group significantly improved. 5. The blood levels of corticosteroid in the control group increased significantly compared with the normal group but the levels of corticosterone in the blood of the GDT 400mg/kg group significantly decreased.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.570-576
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• 2003

The remarkable change of phenomenon induced by stress increase energy metabolism that can induce many reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS can peroxidize cellular macromolecules including lipid and protein. The object of this study was to investigate whether stress may induce cellular damage by producing ROS and whether vitamin E, as a strong lipid-soluble antioxidant, can protect cells against reactive oxygen species produced by noise and immobilization stress in SD rats. The stress group increased 5-hydroxyindole aceti acid (5-HIAA) , one of the stress hormone, in brain tissue and free fatty acid in plasma. Vitamin I treatment had no effect on 5-HIAA but free fatty acid contents decreased with a fortified vitamin I diet. Furthermore, the body weight of vitamin I-treated rats increased more than that of the stress group. Lipid peroxidation and protein degradation as an index of oxidative damage in brain tissue decreased with the use of the fortified vitamin I diet supplement. The results suggest that vitamin I supplements have a protective effect against noise and immobilization stress-induced oxidative damage in brain tissue.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.442-450
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• 1995

This study determined plasma glucose, free fatty acid(ffa), epinephrine, norepinephrine, creatine the phosphokinase(CPK), calcium (Ca), magnesium(Mg) and hydroxyproline, Ca and Mg in the heart muscle. Thirty six male Sprague Dawley rats average weighing 110g divided into two diet group : normal Mg group(0.05% Mg), Marginal Mg group(0.005% Mg). After the rats were on experimental diets for 2 weeks, rats for each group were randomly assigned to stress and no stress group and 30 minutes IMMB stress was administered to stress group every day for two weeks. The following were found : 1) Rats fed normal magnesium diet showed decreased plasma glucose and non signficant change in norepinephrine and CPK with IMMB stress, while magnesium deficient rats showed elevated plasma glucose, norepinephrine and CPK with stress. 2) Myocardial hydroxyproline and plasma epinephrine were not significantly different among groups. 3) In the rats fed adequate magnesium, stress increased plasma magnesium while rats on marginal magnesium diet did not show significant change with stress. 4) Plasma and myocardial calcium were increased in rats fed marginal Mg diet, but did not show any significant difference with stress.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.115-120
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• 2000

We have investigated the effect of short-term immobilization stress on the serum concentrations of cortisol and DHEAS in BALB/c male mice. Serum cortisol and DHEAS concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay(RIA). We found there were significantly increased in the cortisol levels in 30 min-stressed group(Ⅰ-30N) compared with control(C) group (p＜0.01), and also increased with significance in 120 min-stressed group(I-120N) compared with C group(p＜0.01). Cortisol concentrations were significantly increased in both 30 min-stressed group(Ⅰ-30T), and 120 min-stressed group(Ⅰ-120T) compared with C group(p＜0.01). The sustained increase of cortisol levels were observed in both SG treated and SG non-treated group. Serum cortisol levels were lower in SG treated group than SG non-treated group with significance(p＜0.01). By contrast, DHEAS levels were slightly decreased without significance in Ⅰ-30N, but significantly decreased in Ⅰ-120N compared with C group(p＜0.01). There were slightly decreased in the DHEAS levels in Ⅰ-30T, but significantly decreased in Ⅰ-120T compared with C group(p＜0.01). However, SG treatment did not induce any significant changes of DHEAS levels in both 30 min and 120 min-stressed group. Though short-term immobilization stress, the continuous decline of DHEAS levels were observed. Therefore, these results show that short-term immobilization stress affects the serum concentrations of cortisol and DHEAS in mice.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 1999

Both ethanol and water extracts of unossified velvet antler were found to exhibit a significant immuno-stimulating activity as measured by carbon clearance test in mice, a remarkable anti-fatigue effect in weight-loaded forced swimming performance in mice, a significant anti-stress effect on immobilization in rats. The antler extracts also showed a weak but significant anti-thrombotic activity. These findings are indicative of adaptogenic properties of antlers and their normalizing effects during stressful condition.