• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.30-49
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• 2022

As industrialized countries transition into knowledge economies, there is a rising demand for talent and innovation. Support for start-ups through incubation, acceleration, and venture capital has turned into a key area of investment, with public and private actors searching for the next unicorn. This article examines start-up visas as an emerging policy tool in the global competition for highly innovative entrepreneurs. The study builds on a sample of eight national start-up immigration programs and applies human-capital citizenship (Ellermann, 2020) as a guiding framework. The article first proposes a conceptualization of start-up visas, suggesting that innovation and entrepreneurship also be considered in the theorization of skills. Second, the study examines the implications of start-up visas for international mobility. By focusing on the logic of entry requirements and subsequent benefits accrued through the status as a start-up founder, the findings of this study highlight the role of start-up visas in expanding privileged pathways to cross-border mobility. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for policy and research concerned with the international mobility of start-ups

• 중국학논총
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• 제72호
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• pp.223-238
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• 2021

Most of the Chinese immigrants in the 19th century migrated to the eastern part of the Malay Peninsula via Penang. At that time, the British colonial government recruited Chinese immigrants to supply Chinese labor. The influence of the Chinese in Penang has been greatly increased due to the continuous influx of Chinese immigrants. Specifically, looking at Chinese immigration, from 1805 to 1815, a large number of Chinese labor migrants, from about 500 to 1,000, arrived from Macao to Penang, Malaysia, and they were all contract migrants. In the late 19th century, most of the Chinese in the Malay Peninsula were resettlement from Penang and Singapore. At that time, the Malay Peninsula desperately needed to clear the jungle for farm development, and thus a large-scale labor force was needed. Therefore, the Chinese labor force that was overflowing in Penang and Singapore was able to meet the demand for labor in the Malay Peninsula.

• 중국학논총
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• 제70호
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• pp.221-238
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• 2021

在19世紀英國植民地政府無法管束華人公司的時代, 華人公司包括着會黨色彩的公司與同鄕會公司。而前者主要活動, 是以仲介華人勞動力與承包稅務爲大宗; 而後者的活動, 則以照顧華人移民的需求爲訴求, 特別是養生送死等人道關懷。在1890年之後, 秘密會黨型的華人公司, 因爲英國植民地政府制訂「社團法令」之後卽被禁止。這使得同鄕會館型華人公司, 在新馬社會更加重要, 因爲華人唯有依憑這些組織, 來産生認同與歸屬感。這兩類同鄕公司, 一是非血緣的連結, 例如語言或是中國原鄕所形成的公司; 第二類是以宗親血緣爲主的公司。這兩種公司都得到英國人的許可而存在, 直到今日仍繼續發揮他們回饋鄕親的功能。

• 중국학논총
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• 제69호
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• pp.187-203
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• 2021

華僑出國原因可歸納爲三個因素。首先是亡命·戰爭俘虜等政治性的, 其次是屬於經濟方面的原因而採取强拍手段的, 最後是經濟方面的原因而自動移出的。其中, 經濟方面所起的作用, 不論是採取强拍手段或自願移出, 雖然比較緩慢·分散, 不那麽顯著而集中, 但却是不停止地在進行, 是一個經常起作用的因素。華人的移民, 往往依照同族或同鄕的經驗與協助。先移民者遇有適當的機會, 會援引家中人·或親戚·朋友·隣居。因此, 後去的移民大致跟着先去移民者所住的地域及所選的職業。隨着時間的推移, 這就變成一般華人移民的習慣。

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2016

Distributed genetic algorithm (DGA), also known as island model or coarse-grained model, is a kind of parallel genetic algorithm, in which a population is partitioned into several sub-populations and each of them evolves with its own genetic operators to maintain diversity of individuals. It is known that DGA is superior to conventional genetic algorithm with a single population in terms of solution quality and computation time. Several researches have been conducted to evaluate effects of parameters on GAs, but there is no research work yet that deals with structure of DGA. In this study, we tried to evaluate performance of various genetic algorithms (GAs) for the famous symmetric traveling salesman problems. The considered GAs include a conventional serial GA (SGA) with IGX (Improved Greedy Crossover) and several DGAs with various combinations of crossover operators such as OX (Order Crossover), DPX (Distance Preserving Crossover), GX (Greedy Crossover), and IGX. Two distinct immigration policies, conventional noncompetitive policy and newly proposed competitive policy are also considered. To compare performance of GAs clearly, a series of analysis of variance (ANOVA) is conducted for several scenarios. The experimental results and ANOVAs show that DGAs outperform SGA in terms of computation time, while the solution quality is statistically the same. The most effective crossover operators are revealed as IGX and DPX, especially IGX is outstanding to improve solution quality regardless of type of GAs. In the perspective of immigration policy, the proposed competitive policy is slightly superior to the conventional policy when the problem size is large.

• 생태와환경
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.311-319
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• 2008

저온기 부영양 수계의 규조군집 특성과 이들의 유입능을 이해하기 위하여, 2008년 1월 15$\sim$29일까지 한강과 일감호에 인공기질을 15일 동안 설치하고, 환경요인과 규조류 유입능을 각각 조사하였다. 조사결과, 유속이 높을수록 수중의 영양염은 감소하였으나 설치된 기질의 유기물과 Chl-a는 유사한 변화 패턴을 나타냈다. 두 수계에서 가장 높은 빈도를 보인 우점 조류는 각각 Navicula sp. (한강)와 Synedra acus (일감호)이었으며, 가장 높은 유입능을 보인 조류는 각각 Nitzschia amphibia (한강)와 Aulacoseira italica (일감호)로 나타났다. 한강에서 조류의 유입능은 영양염, 유기물, Chl-a 등이 높고 유속이 낮을수록 높게 나타났으며, 일감호에서는 영양염이 높고 수생식물이 없는 곳에서 높았다. 결국, 저온기 규조류의 유입능은 하천에서는 영양염과 유속, 호수에서는 수생식물의 발달 여부에 따라 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 사료되었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.317-327
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate Chinese female marriage immigrants' dietary life after immigration to Korea, focusing on comparison between Han-Chinese (traditional Chinese) and Korean-Chinese (Chinese of Korean descent). Methods: An in-person survey was conducted with women married to Korean men, having one child or more aged 1-6 years old, and having resided in Korea for at least one year before the survey. The data were collected from the 309 respondents comprising 151 Han-Chinese and 158 Korean-Chinese in the summer of 2013. Results: Overall, there was no significant difference in dietary practice, dietary acculturation, dietary behavior, dietary habits, and food intake between the Han-Chinese and the Korean-Chinese respondents. Over 50% of the respondents ate Korean food every day. The overall level of dietary acculturation was about 3.5 out of 5 points. The average score of healthy dietary behavior was a little bit higher than 3 out of 5 points. Approximately 3/4 of the respondents showed increasing frequency of eating out. The respondents reporting increase food diversity were over 70%. Decreased frequency of skipping meal was about 60% of the respondents. Over 50% of the respondents showed increasing consumption of Kimchi, vegetables, fruit, and meat. Conclusions: Dietary life of Korean-Chinese female marriage immigrants was similar to that of Han-Chinese female marriage immigrants after immigration to Korea. The results from this study suggest that not only Han-Chinese but also Korean-Chinese should be targeted in various diet-related acculturation support programs as important multicultural populations in Korea.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권8호
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• pp.2141-2149
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• 2009

본 연구는 2007년 대한간호협회 간호정책연구소에서 발간한 간호통계연보를 토대로 하여, 우리나라 보건의료 전문 인력의 수급실태와 그에 따른 문제점을 분석해보고 이를 해결하기 위한 방안의 하나로 외국인 전문 인력의 이민정책의 방향을 제시해보고자 하였다. 연구결과 연도별 보건의료인력 면허등록 현황 중, 간호사 등록현황을 보면 2004년을 제외하고 매년 1,000명 이상씩 더 등록된 것으로 나타났으며, 의사는 2002년에 4,000명 대로 등록된 반면 2004년도는 750명으로 그 편차가 매우 크게 나타났다. 보건의료는 국민의 건강 및 생명 유지를 통하여 노동력을 담보할 수 있는 기간재이기 때문에 국가는 기본적으로 모든 국민들이 보건의료 서비스를 공급받는데 지장이 없도록 해야 한다는 당위성을 갖는다. 때문에 의료서비스에 대한 접근성이 현저하게 떨어지는 낙후 지역을 중심으로 선진국의 사례를 모범으로 삼아 외국인 보건의료 전문 인력을 유치하여 활용하는 것은 낙후지역 주민들의 삶의 질의 향상시키고 지역적 통합에도 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.310-316
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of acculturation stage on dietary intake of Korean American women (0=124) living in California and to compare the dietary intake with that of Korean women (0=191) in Seoul, Korea. The dietary intake of the subjects was collected by 24-hour recall method at cross-sectional surveys. Ouster analysis performed on immigration variables (e.g., length of residency, age at immigration, etc.) classified Korean American women into less (0=73) or more (n=51) acculturated group. Acculturation stage did not have a significant effect on macro nutrient intake. However, vitamin C intake was higher in the more acculturated group, while intakes of folate, calcium, iron, and zinc were higher in the less acculturated group. In comparison of three groups (the more and the less acculturated Korean American, and the Korean group), the more acculturated the women were, the less frequently they consumed rice and kimchi (p<0.05). Korean American women ate bread/noodle, meat/meat products, fruit juice, and soda more often and consumed vegetables less frequently, compared with Korean women (p<0.05). For breakfast, Western dishes were preferred in both more and less acculturated groups. Korean dishes were favored for dinner by both groups, even though the less acculturated group ate more Korean dishes than did the more acculturated group. The acculturation measured by immigration variables influenced nutrient intakes, food consumptions, and types of dishes eaten in Korean Americans. Cultural and health implications of dietary acculturation need to be studied in the future.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.38-47
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• 2020

Purposes: The problem in the recent immigration policy and social policy changes for foreigners is that the preliminary analysis or research on the actual impact of the influx of foreigners has not been done enough in Korea yet.. This study is to examine the impact of the Korean health insurance finances on the influx of foreigners. Approach: This study analyzed the health insurance statistics for foreigners and overseas Koreans of the Health Insurance Corporation from 2013 to 2017. The data is the "Status of Health Insurance Premiums for Nationals, Foreigners, and Overseas Koreans from 2013 to 2017" submitted by the National Health Insurance Service to the Health and Welfare Committee during the 2018 National Audit Period. Findings: To summarize the analysis, first, the proportion of foreigners was only 1% of all subscribers (1.7% at work, 1.9% in regions) until 2017. Second, employees at work have a lower pay-to-pay ratio, and local subscribers have a higher pay-to-pay rate, regardless of nationality. Third, as immigrants are mostly concentrated in younger ages, they are healthy and use of hospitals is relatively low. Fourth, in terms of gender distribution, there are many women of childbearing age due to marriage immigration among foreign local subscribers, and more men use hospitals than workers who have a high proportion of males due to childbirth. In conclusion, the impact of immigration on health insurance finances is not large, and has a positive effect on finances. Practical Implications: If we simply consider the financial aspect, encouraging foreigners to subscribe to health insurance has a positive effect on finances. In particular, the more foreign workers are enrolled, the greater the financial gain. In particular, increasing the employment of foreign women through language education, vocational training, and employment support will help finance health insurance. One of the reasons foreign subscribers have a positive impact on health insurance finance is the low medical utilization rate. It can be said that young and healthy foreigners use fewer hospitals and clinics, but another aspect means that foreigners have difficulty using health insurance for various reasons. Therefore, various supports must be accompanied so that foreign subscribers can use medical services when necessary.