• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.79-105
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• 2005

This study is that the name from Tagjijunjeol is compared with the actual papers used in historical documents. I have selected the families having had influencing power in Gyungi-Do(京畿道), Gyungsang-Do(慶尙道), Jeonra-Do(全羅道), Chungcheung-Do(忠淸道), and analyzed 1504 articles of historical documents owned by those families. I checked up each papers used in historical documents in it's shape of screens, density, raw material. I cannot find the feature of it's region, but prominent feature according to the types and period of historical documents. At first, I have surveyed the impressions of screen marks in papers. The number of strips can be divided into two cases, around 10 and around 17. The case around 17 is similar to the number seen in the book paper of the early Joseon Dynasty, but the case around 10 is rare. Dard Hunter said in his book, published in 1933, that screens were made of Korean grass(Miscanthus sp.) at that time in Korea. I guess the impressions of screen marks of the case around 10 was made of Korean grass, Miscanthus sp.. The case around 10 and the case around 17 were not different in period, but the contemporary appearance. However, if we look into the change of strips' number, we can learn that it becomes more dense as time goes by. The intervals of hair stitch, contrary to book paper, have appeared irregularly and a short hair stitch was frequently found between long hair stitches. This was the result of fastening extra stitch to increase the firmness of strips, as the part of screens which was frequently touched by hands would wear out easily. Then, have look into the density. Each kinds of historical documents had a wide range of density. But the average have had relationship with the kinds of paper written in Tagjijunjeol. The historical documents having the same item of paper have kept similar densities. From the density variation of Gosingyoji(告身敎旨), the letter of appointment the official rank over 5 by king, based on time periods, we can see a great disparity between before and after Imjin-waeran war. Before Imjin-waeran war paper's quality was high, right after Imjin-waeran war went abruptly down, and went gradually up just from 1650's, but since 1700's quality has not risen more, kept the value. On the contrary, the density of Gyocheop(敎牒), the letter of appointment the official rank under 5 by the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Military, have not had a great disparity according to time periods, but had a lower density than Gosingyoji. Joseon Dynasty has strictly divided Gosingyoji appointing the official rank over 5 from Gyocheop appointing the official rank under 5, it seems to distinguish the appointment by king from the appointment by Ijo(吏曹), the Ministry of Personnel and Byeongjo(兵曹), the Ministry of Military.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.79
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• pp.17-30
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• 2007

Gossi-cave, which is Natural monument No. 219, originally was called Norigok-cave, but happened Imjin-Japanese war, aborigine and Gossi family took refuse to Norigok-cave. Japanese soldiers set fire to this cave, in result lots of people had been died. And then, this cave was called Gossi-cave because Gossi family only survived during the war. Stalactite, Stone pillar that was created from four hundred million ago Harmonized with the others. The length is 6.3km in 1969.6.4. this cave was appointed natural monument as a result of investigating Korean Speleological Society. Kim SaKat a Master Poet(1807-1863) : A Genius with wit and eccentric conduct, a poet who wrote a refined poems with his own dramatic path of life destructed the format of Chines poem and created a new folk literature. He is Kim SaKat - a wizard of poet Kim Sakat - a poet wearing conical bamboo hat. Kim Sakat was born in 1807, in the latter part of Chosun period, his antonym was Kim Byung-Yun. He passed the state examination in the first place when he was 20. Two years later, he set out his life as a wanderer when he realized his winning composition was a criticism on his grandfather.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.31-47
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• 1979

1. The old Korean costume had two different kind of dress, one was a military uniform (Goon bok) for military only and the other was uniform (Yoongbok) for civilian and militarian. 2. The military uniform (Goonbok) were dressed under armour, was for war time. And the civilian and military uniform were dressed under Mo (Hat) and Po (Coat dress), was for War time or emergent case. 3. Armour were made of leather in ancient times but later they were made of metal. 4. In generally, armour is classified; 1) To protect neck 2) To protect shoulders and arms 3) To protect breast 4) To protect both legs 5) To protect hands 5. Armour and military uniform (Goonbok) for military only. at the time of three Nations (Ko-kuryo, Bakje. Silla) 1) Armour-a) Identified by found relics or ancient wall picture. b) They had improver! armour. c) Armour of three Nations were resembled each other. 2) Military uniform(Goonbok) a) The Jeogori reached to hip area was called Jangyoo. b) The pants were tight trousers. 6. Armour and military uniform (Goonbok) for military only at Koryo Dynasty. 1) They had improved armour like three nation's age. 2) They were made of iron. leather, paper or cloth 3) The color was white. puple. red. 4) Military uniform(Goonbok) a) Hat-(1) Banggak (2) Josamoja (3) Ibgak (4) Jakwan (5) Sabgak (6) Sumale (7) Jaragwan (8) Kummoja (9) Mubyunkwan (10) Pyungyunchek b) Dress-(l) Jayeisokade (2) Bosanghwa Gayendae (3) Hongbeja Rokrahansam (4) Jag- ongbok Hongeung (5) Jagongbok Jogeung (6) Kumyeisokdae (7) Bilapeja Rokrahansam (8) Jasupoto (9) Kumyei Honggung (10) Kumyei Dokuyeunsokdae (11) Bibosunghwa Dongokumdae (12) Bidaesuyei Kayeundae (13) Jasosulansam (14) Biyeiko (15) Chung-yei Dongsim Sokdae 7. Armour and military uniform of Lee Dynasty 1) Armour-a) the Helmets were attached with visor ar without visor, and later it was added the neck protecter. b) dresses were given various names according to the materials used. for example, Suiejakap or Kyungfunkap. 2) The military uniform (Goonbok) were composed by molip, Hyunchungsakpuja, Jundae, Soowhaja. 8. Military uniform (yoongbok) for civilian and militarian 1) The unifom was developped through Imjin war, Byungja war since the middle of Lee Dynasty. 2) The military uniform (Goonbok), (Yoongbok), armour were by the established dress reg-ulation of imperial ordinance dated April 8th, 1895 which falls 35th year of Kojong. the dress regulation was based upon the western uniform.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-20
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• 2012

Kim Deok-bang(金德邦)'s "Chimgu-kukbicho(鍼灸極秘抄)"(Secrets on acupuncture and moxibustion) hasn't been known throughout Korea yet, let alone its existence. Kim Deok-bang was the person who was taken to Japan as a prison during the Imjin war(Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592), and he is known to have initiated Japan's noted doctor Nagada Tokuhon(長田德本), who is comparable to Huh Jun in Korea, into the acupunctural method. Nagada Tokuhon healed many patients with the unusual blood-drawing method, which was one of the very unfamiliar scenes in Japan at that time. "Chimgu-kukbicho" shows that the very blood-drawing method was used for not a few medical treatments. This aspect can be said to be an unprecedented point of the acupunctural method in the first half of the Choseon Dynasty period as shown in "Chijong-jinam(治腫指南)" in our country, and from such a context, it is understood that the medical skills were widely distributed in Japan by Kim Deok-bang. This paper is going to lay a foundation for the argument hereafter related to this by including Provision 114 stating Kim, Deok-bang's acupunctural method like this.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2010

This study is dealing with Deoksugung around the founding of the Daehan Empire Era. It will looks closely into how locational contexts and sense of place have been changed according to the subject's view point and the interpretation of text community until Deoksugung is changed into citizen-oriented public place vested with the meaning of public park. In conclusion, Deoksugung was a place for suffering and sorrows, but also it was a place for ceaseless attempt to pursue of the recovery of past without loosing hope. As in the case of uprising war like Japanese invasion of Korea (Imjin Yeran) or Cheong Japan War, Deoksugung was an importantly historical place where autocrat temporarily stayed to stand up for the war and moreover, it was an imperial palace where the ambivalent sensibility between suffering and hope are intermingled in the very first Korean Empire in history. Unlike Kyeongbokgung and Changdeokgung, the current Deoksugung has changed its boundary from time to time since Japanese invasion of Korea up to the present. Deoksugung has evolved the present situation as endlessly changing its boundary by interacting with the neighbor of Kyungungung. The more complicated sense of place is coexisted in the features of the Deoksugung. Therefore, current hot topics concerning restoration project of Deoksugung is much more difficult than of other palaces. This issues should be carefully dealt with beyond the political interests.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.54
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• pp.235-252
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• 2014

This paper is examining the ideological underpinnings of Park Jin-young[朴震英]. He was intellectual activity is based on Haman[咸安] Gyeongsang-namdo[慶尙南道]. And He was causing the Righteous Army[義兵] saved the country from the crisis of Imjin War[壬辰倭亂, 1592~1598] and the Byongja War[丙子胡亂, 1636~1637] in Mid-Joseon[朝鮮] Dynasty. Therefore, he had to practice patriotism and love people. The purpose of this paper is centered on the acts of Park Jin-young to focus on its ideological foundation to be sure. A cause[大義名分] was laying on the side and the real meaning of the terms of participation and his a far-sighted view [達觀] ever conduct of life[處世] divided into such discussions were developed. In addition, the formation of his ideas around the Jung gu[鄭逑] influenced correlating it with the teacher and student relationships were investigated. Park Jin-young is Im-Byeong War[壬丙兩難] since emerged on the Joseon [朝鮮] Social Jon-ju[尊周] thought was one of the representative figures. His mentor Jung gu was the cause, seriously. And he cause, the influence of the teacher very seriously here was typical of that era. The people loved teacher. And his disciples to overcome difficulties that influence the Righteous Army sought to raise the country. His teachers have taught him Confucian influence. And behave appropriately when life. Park Jin-young acted appropriately when affected by such a life. Consequently, he was a true intellectual in those times.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.70
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• pp.257-301
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• 2018

The purpose of the study is to examine righteous army activity and combat in Hapcheon during the Imjin invasion period. The resulting conclusions are as follows. First, Chung In-hong raised a righteous army in Hapcheon and Kim Myeon raised an army in Goryeong. Chung In-hong commanded the army and fought against Japanese army with a leadership of knowing the enemy and himself, and Kim Myeon commanded the army and fought against Japanese military with a leadership of harmony. Second, battles of Chung In-hong's righteous army are the first Mugye battle, the ambush battle in Sawon-dong, the Chogye Majin battle, the Aneon battle, and the third Seongju Castle battle. Battles of Kim Myeon's righteous army are the Yeongang battle, the Gaesanpo battle, the second Mugye battle, the Ucheok-hyeon battle, the Jirye battle, and the Sarangam battle. Battles that Chung In-hong and Kim Myeon united and fought are the first and second Seongju Castle battles. In Jeongyu Jaeran, Chung In-hong played a role of Jodosa who takes charge of provisions in the right area of Gyeongsang. In addition, Hapcheon was the access road and transport route where Japanese army entered Jeolla-do. Third, participation and role of Ming troops are part of restraint device against Japanese army with military tactics of ii chei(using foreigners to control foreigners) to remove Japanese army from Joseon and defend Yodong. After a victory of Li Rusong in Pyeongyang Castle in January, 1593(the 26th year of Seongjo), Ming troops pursued practical interest through peace talks rather than active battles. When there was practically Siege of Jinju, Yujeong troops of Ming entered with hand-to-hand martial arts of Sacheon soldiers in late June, 1593, but did not participate because they should wait for orders of Gyeongnyak Song Eung-chang and Admiral Li Rusong. Fourth, in the Imjin invasion period, Joseon suffered terrible damage such as ruin of the whole country by invasion of Japanese army and in need of aid of military rice from Ming troops, but righteous armies and the royal forces in each area cooperated so defeated Japanese army. It is understood through a case of Hapcheon in the right area of Gyeongsang. Especially, Joseon did not succumb to pressure of Ming troops that used full powers to two aspects such as settlement and battle with Japan during the war, and did not lose national confidence and pride by showing a fighting will to fight against Japanese army to the end with independence. Such a spiritual culture originated from homeland protection and loyalty to the king, and is national spirit of resistance that sublimates the united mind and spirit of community to protect a country against foreign invasion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.63 no.8
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• pp.171-187
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• 2013

This is a study on the military costumes of Hunryeondogam, which was the center of Five Military Camps in the mid and the late Joseon dynasty. I confirmed the characteristics and system of military costumes of Hunryeondogam by document research and positive research. The military organization of Hunryeondogam was comprised of the high-ranking military officers such as Hunryeondaejang, Junggun, Cheonchong, Byeoljang and Gukbyeoljang, the mid and low ranking military officers such as Pachong, Chogwa and soldiers. And the military costume of Hunryeondogam included Gapju, Yoongbok and Goonbok for military officers and all kinds of military uniforms for soldiers. Imjin war and ritualized military ceremonies in the era of peace had influence on the military costume. Officers, for example, were wearing Dangap and soldiers were wearing Cheolgap or Pigap that depended on the branch of the army. Politically, kings in the mid and the late Joseon had organized military organizations to strengthen their royal authority. I think that the policy can be effectively seen by observing the military costume system. The qualitative differences in cloth materials and the presence or absence of patterns of Goonbok, the qualitative differences in the decoration of Jeonrip and the presence or absence of Yodae were able to distinguish the identity and the rank. An assumption can be made that these things could have been affected by social causes, such as frequent trips of the King and stable society. This cause could be influence on substitute Yoongbok with Goonbok that from the low ranking military officers to the high ranking military officers of Hunryeondogam. The societal changes in the mid and the late Joseon dynasty are reflected on the military costumes system of Hunryeondogam.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.35-46
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to closely examine the history of glasses and their cases used in the middle and late of Joseon Dynasty and identify inherent quality of our traditional glasses cases through color analyses of glasses cases' material and shape. While theoretical examination was conducted based on the literatures of glasses and their cases that firstly appeared in around Japanese Invasion (Imjin war) of Korea in 1592, practical analyses were demonstrated on photos of glasses cases used in the middle and late of Joseon Dynasty collected from both museum pieces and the internet which were grouped into wood, fabric, paper, sharkskin, hawksbill and cow's horn in accordance with their materials. 623 color samples were abstracted from collected 159 glasses cases and quantity analyses on each material were performed respectively. Abstracted representative colors based on the result of color analyses were classified into the main materials and accessories' color scheme. The result of this study are as follow: firstly, both Yellow and Yellow Red were mostly used in main materials. In Fabric case's colors were widely used in embroidery and in animal matter material cases such as sharkskin, hawksbill and cow's horn, which can be used as itself or dyed, Green Yellow shown in high frequency. Secondly, accessories were analyzed into similarity coloration with main materials. From this finding, it turns out that our traditional cases have characteristic of similarity coloration between main materials and accessories. Red Purple and Purple Blue in high frequency in accessories used as an accent color. Finally, based on the analysis of hue and tone, while the middle and low value colors shown in very high frequency, the high-chroma colors hardly shown.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.7-18
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• 2012

This study was aimed at analyzing the location and topology of the 'Gungmyo(宮廟)' and in Hanyang Doseong(漢陽都城) during 18th and 19th century. Based on the changes of royal processions(行幸) which had been done between the Gungmyo and the Palace, the Gungmyo can be a barometer of cognition where the city center was. Hanyang Doseong was the the capital of Joseon(朝鮮) which had established by king Taejo(太祖). The city had been organized with Gyeongbok-gung(景福宮) as the center. However, after the Imjin War(1592), Gyeongbok-gung was destroyed and urban space was reorganized with Changduk-gung(昌德宮) which reconstructed first. As most kings in late Joseon dynasty had mainly stayed in Changduk-gung, lots of Gungmyos where a memorial service for king's relatives had been held were established in and around the palace and the frequency of visiting the Gungmyo varied by political purpose. Therefore, the location of the Gungmyo and the rounte of parade were important to impress on the center of urban space. In 18th century, lots of King's procession had been done with Changduk-gung as departure point. The king used to start from Donwha-mun(敦化門), and the routes included main street around Changduk-gung. It shows that the urban center focused on the east of the city. On the other hand, when the king lived in Kyeonghee-gung(慶熙宮), a secondary palace in late Joseon dynasty, the parade started from Hungwha-mun(興化門) and the urban center was expended to the west. Since Gyeongbok-gung had reconstructed in 1865, recognition scheme of urban space had changed from Changduk-gung to Gyeongbok-gung as the center. When the Gungmyo relocated western side of Gyeongbok-gung, spatial proximity of the palace and relation with facilities around downtown fed into changing the route of king's parade.