• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2017

Purpose: Fingertip amputations are the most common type of upper limb amputations. Composite grafting is a simple and cost-effective technique. Although many factors have investigated the success of composite grafting, the success rate is not high. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate whether the microscopic procedure process during composite grafts improves the success rate. Materials and Methods: Thirteen cases of unreplantable fingertip amputation underwent a microscopic resection procedure for composite graft in the operating room. The principle of the procedure was to remove the least devitalized tissue, maximize the clean tissue preservation and exact trimming of the acral vessel and to remove as many foreign bodies as possible. Results: All fingertips in the thirteen patients survived completely without additional procedures. Conclusion: Composite grafting allows for the preservation of length while avoiding the donor site morbidity of locoregional flaps. Most composite grafts are performed as quickly as possible in a gross environment. However, we take noticed the microscopic resection. This process is thought to increase the survival rate for the following reasons. First, the minimal resection will maximize the junction surface area and increase serum imbibition. Second, sophisticated trimming of injured distal vessels will increase the likelihood of inosculation. Third, accurate foreign body removal will reduce the probability of infection and make it possible to increase the concentration and efficiency in a microscopic environment. Although there is a need for more research into the mechanisms, we recommend using a composite graft under the microscopic environment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.80-86
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• 1995

High salinity common in reclaimed soil can reduce germination of crop seeds and aftermath its establishment and production. The experiment was done to measure germination and radicle elongation of berseem, subterranean, white clover and Italian ryegrass as Control under different temperature and NaCl concentrations. Onehundred seeds of berseem (Trifolium ulexandrinum cv. Bigbee). suberranean (T. suhterruneum, cv. Nungarin), white clover (T. repens, cv. Regal) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium mulriflorum, cv. Terafloum) were placed in petri dishes with a sheet of filter paper replaced every two days, and then exposed to 0, 12.5, 25. 50, 100 and 200mh4 of sodium chloride in darkened growth chambers controlled with 10, 15 and $20^{\circ}C$. Percent germination and radicle elongation were measured. Beneem clover showed greatest daily percent germination among the cloven. That of subterranean clover, moreover, was higher than that of white clover till 4 days after imbibition but the reverse result was true thereafter. Although germination of Italian ryegrass was delayed with decreased at 200mM of NaCl of $20^{\circ}C$. at 200mM of under$15^{\circ}C$ , and at higher than lOOmh4 of all level of temperature, respectively. Berseem clover had greatest radicle length under the same concentration of NaCl regardless of temperature treatment while radicle elongation of subterranean and white clover was repressed over 50-100mM of NaC1. The slope of linear regression equation between concentration of NaCl and percent germination declined under all temperature treatment in order of berseem, subterranean and white clover whereas the reverse result was showed in radicle length.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.290-295
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• 1998

Presowing treatements to seed are reasonable for elevating the seedling production efficiency. This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of $GA_3$ [0 (water) : 0.01 mM] and light qulaity (red : white) simultaneously treated before sowing on seedling emergence and growth of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cv NC 82 and Burley 21. Red or white light was illuminated 12 hours a day while seeds of the cultivars were imbibed with either water or $GA_3$ 0.01 mM for 3 days. Seedling emergence was measured up to 20 days after sowing but morphological characters and dry weights were done 40 days. The seedling emergence rate of cv NC 82 was more affected by light quality and $GA_3$ pretreatments than that of cv Burley 21. Light quality more influenced the rate than $GA_3$ while red light or water imbibition enhanced the rates of the two cultivars compared to the other treatement. Although mean plant height and leaf number per seedling were nearly equal between the treatements, red light declined leaf area per seedling of cv Burley 21 of which seeds were imbibed in water but white light decreased the areas of both cultiars of which seeds were soaked in $GA_3$solution. Shoot dry weight was greater in cv NC 82 but less in cv Burley 21 pretreated with red light, and root dry weight showed the reverse result in white light, meaning that presowing light and $GA_3$ treatments could be changed the seedling development and growth of tobacco.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2022

Hymenodictyon orixensis (Roxb.) Mabberley (locally known as Bhutum in Bangladesh) is both an ecologically and economically valuable multipurpose tree species for afforestation and reforestation programs in Bangladesh. Seed germination and seedling development study of H. orixense were conducted to find out the response to different growing medium, e.g., polybag (15×10 cm (T₀) and 20×15 cm (T₁)), sand medium in propagator house (T₂), conventional nursery bed (T₃), and root trainer (T₄) in the Nursery. Consequently, germination behavior and seedling morphological parameters of H. orixense were assessed. The results revealed that the sand medium of the propagator house (T₂) provided the highest germination % (58.57±22.30) and the highest germination energy (11.43±2.43) followed by seedlings growing in 20×15 cm polybags (T1) containing forest topsoil and cow-dung at a ratio of 3:1. Except for germination energy, germination values, and germination capacity, other seed biology parameters, particularly imbibition, germination period, germination rate, and plant survival percent in T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄ were significantly (p<0.05) different from T₀. Each phenotypic parameter of seedlings and dry matter of shoot and root significantly differed from control except root length (p<0.992). Based on this study, Polybags of 20×15 cm size are regarded as the best medium for quality seedling development of H. orixense. The nursery bed (T₃) had the lowest germination performance and developed more inferior quality seedlings. Thereby, 20×15 cm size of polybags with conventional soil and cow-dung media is recommended for maximum germination and to grow the quality seedlings of H. orixense in the Nursery.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.477-481
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• 2004

In bean sprout culture water imbibition and benzyladenopurine (BA) treatment are done at the same time. The study was carried out to check the effect of treatment period (3, 5, and 7 hours) on growth of mungbean (cv. Keumseongnogdu, Owoolnogdu, and Zhong Lu 1) sprouts and to analyse its absorption amount on the base of their moisture content. The 3 cultivar seeds were soaked in 50 ppm BA solution immediately before 3 hour aeration and then cultured for 6 days. The sprouts were sorted by 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length; > 7cm, 4 to 7cm < 4cm, and non-germination, and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. The cultivar Zhong Lu 1 had the highest rate in longer than 7cm hypocotyls of the three cultivars but the lowest one in shorter than 4cm. Rates of the above 4 categories in cv. Keumseongnogdu, Owoolnogdu showed no significant difference between the treatment periods while one of longer than 7cm hypocotyls in cv. Zhong Lu1 was decreased with longer treatment period. Lateral roots were less formed with longer treatment period, especially as lengthened from 3 to 5 hours. Hypocotyl and root were also lengthened with longer treatment period and hypocotyl was more thickened in 5 hour treatment period than in the two others. Total fresh and dry weights per sprout showed no significant difference between treatment periods although cv. Zhong Lu1 relatively faster grew than the other cultivars. In the case of shorter than 5hour treatment periods the absorption amount of BA was the greatest in cv. Zhong Lu1 but in 7 hour treatment period it was the greatest in cv. Keumseongnogdu and Zhong Lu 1.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.28-60
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• 1983

This study was carried out to define the effects of external factors including temperature, moisture, oxygen and light quality on the germination of sesame seeds and to investigate the change of major chemical constituents of seeds during germination. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The average germination ratio was from 95.8% to 97.2% when it was tested every $5^{\circ}C$ intervals from $20^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$ and no significant difference in germination ratio was found within $20^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$. But the germination ratio dropped rapidly to 32.2% when seeds were germinated at $15^{\circ}C$ and the coefficient of variation become greater(77%) 2. The days required for germination ranged from 1.16 to 1. 64 at the temperatures of $35^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ and they were 3.07 and 10.4 at the temperatures of $20^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$, respectively. 3. Considering the germination ratio and days needed, $15^{\circ}C$ was assumed to be the minimum temperature for germination practically and this temperature is recommended for testing low temperature tolerance of seed germination of sesame cultivars. 4. The varieties shown the highest low temperature tolerance were Shirogoma and Turkey. The next varieties shown some degree of low temperature germination were Suweon #29, Naebok and IS 58. The varieties with 70 to 80% of germination ratio were Maepo, Suweon #14, Kimpo, Moondeok, and Haenam. Among the 90 varieties tested, the varieties with comparatively high degree of low temperature tolerance were about 10%, and 70% of the low temperature tolerant varieties were domestic varieties. 5. At $12^{\circ}C$ the Shirogoma was the only variety which showed over 50% of germination ratio, 71.4% of the varieties showed less than 20% of germination ratio. When the temperature was raised to $27^{\circ}C$ 18 days after placement at $12^{\circ}C$ all the varieties showed over 90% of germination ratio within 2days. 6. The amounts of water imbibition needed for seed germination were 0.48 to 0.62 times of the seed dry weight at $25^{\circ}C$ and were significantly different among sesame cultivars. About 63% of water required for germination was imbibed in 2 hours after placement of seeds under the germination condition. 7. Under saturated moisture condition the average germination ratio was 0.42%. In the soil of which water potential was -0.4bar 64.8% of the seeds germinated and the most adequate soil water potential for sesame seed germination was about -0.4 to -5.5 bar. The germination ratio decreased as the soil water potential declined below -5.5 bar. 8. Six out of 10 varieties were not influenced by 5% of oxygen in air germination chamber, while varieties such as Yecheon, PI 158073, IS 103 and Euisangcheon showed 64 to 91% of germination under the 5% oxygen content. Under anaerobic condition, cotyledones were not emerged but only hypocotyl was emerged and elongated. The germination ratio of IS 103 decreased significantly under anaerobic condition. 9. When the seeds were dried for 24 hours after 12 hours imbibition of water, the seeds of Cheongsong did not lose their germination ability and 27.5% was germinated but Suweon #9 and Early Russian failed to germinate. However, the germination ratio of IS 103 decreased when the seed were dried 24 hours after 4 hours imbibition of water and the germination ability of IS 103 was maintained even though the seeds were dried for 24 hours after 24 hours imbibition of water. 10. During germination, sugar content of sesame seed increased rapidly and activity of ${\alpha}$-amylase increased gradually while starch content decreased significantly. The rates of increase in sugar content and enzyme activity and decrease in starch content were significantly lower at $15^{\circ}C$ compared with those at $25^{\circ}C$. 11. During germination of sesame seeds, lipid content in the seeds dropped rapidly and the activity of alkaline lipase increased significantly at early stage of germination. The rate of decrease in lipid content and increase in emzyme activity was lower at $15^{\circ}C$ than at $25^{\circ}C$. 12. Four out of 6 varieties were not affected in germination by light wave length. But Suweon #8 was inhibited in germination by 600-650nm. and IS 103 by 600 to 650nm and 500 to 550nm of light wave length. Suweon #8 showed high germination ratio under 650 to 760 nm and 500 to 560nm, and IS 103 under 400 to 470nm and complete darkness. 13. The germination ratios increased significantly in the seeds of which 1000 grain weight is heavier. When the seeds were placed at soil 4cm deep, Cheongsong and Early Russian failed to emerge their cotyledones, but Suweon #9 and IS 103 showed 32.5 and 50% cotyledone emergence, respectively. The extracts from sesame plant and soil where the sesame was cultivated previously did not affect in the-germination of sesame seeds. 14. The covering by black or transparent polyethylene films increased germination ratio compared with uncovered seeds. The covering was effective in shortening the days needed for germination and in improving the early seedling growth, number of capsules per plant and grain yield. Difference was not so seizable between the two polyethylene films but the transparent film appeared somewhat more effective than the black one. 15. Simcheon, Cheongsong. Suweon #9. PI 158073 and IS 103 showed lower rate of water absorbtion by seed during germination and Suweon #8, Suweon #26, Orotall and Euisangcheon showed high increase in seed weight after water absorbtion by seed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.439-442
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• 2013

This study was conducted to develop the testing method for excessive water tolerance at germinating stage and to screen 31 domestic peanut cultivars. Regardless of peanut grain scales, the amount of seed absorption nearly reached the peak in 10 hours after imbibition. When peanut seed in vermiculate soil was directly soaked in water, ability of emergence did not reduced until 16 days and then sharply reduce to 25 days with non-emergence. When seeds germinated for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after seeding (DAS) were soaked, the emergence abilities were distinctively varied according to the sequent soaking days such as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days. This explained the negative relationship between first germinating days (DAS) and following soaking days. Using the method of 2 day germinating and 3 day soaking that show less than 70% of emergence ability, 31 peanut cultivars were applied to test excessive water tolerance. Emergence rates varied 0% to 69% according to cultivar. Cultivar Daekwang, Sinkwang, Daecheong and Baekseon had over 50% emergence rates. These results suggested that the degree of water resistance in germinating stage may be important point to evaluate the excessive water resistance among cultivars.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.482-486
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• 2004

Benzyladenopurine (BA), a synthetic chemical commonly used for bean sprout culture, should be minimized for wellbeing foods or not be applied. The study was done to check the effect of different BA concentrations treated during 5 hour imbibition on growth and morphological characters of mungbean sprouts. The mungbean seeds of 3 cultivars (Keumseongnogdu, Owoolnogdu, and Zhong Lu 1) were imbibed for 5 hours in the solutions with different BA concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) before 3 hour aeration. On the 6th day after culture, the mungbean sprouts were classified by 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length; > 7cm, 4 to 7cm, < 4cm, and non-germination, and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Regardless of cultivars the composition rate of hypocotyls of longer than 7cm was decreased with increased BA concentration over 50 ppm while the reverse result was true in the rate of shorter than 4cm. In the rate of 4 to 7cm. cv. Owoolnogdu showed the highest rate in its 50 ppm concentration although cv. Keumseongnogdu and Zhong Lu 1 showed similar result to the above two rates. Formation rate and its number of lateral roots were largely changed around 50 ppm concentration but the roots was not formed in over its 75 ppm concentration. Hypocotyl and root lengths of all the cultivars were shortened with increased BA concentration. In the diameter of middle part of hypocotyl, 3 cultivars showed nearly the same responses as the rate of 4 to 7cm hypocotyls. Hypocotyl and total fresh weights per sprout were heavier in BA treated sprouts than in no treated ones but the weights of the former sprouts were not influenced by its different concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.257-264
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• 1987

Effect of various physical and chemical treatments on dark germination of Oenothera lamarckiana seeds were primarily investigated to find out factors affecting germination. Germination of seeds which did not germinate in the constant temperature and darkness was induced by several physical treatments such as sonification, wetting and drying, freezing and thawing, and removal of seed coat. Pretreatment of chilling ($4^{\circ}C$), freezing ($-10^{\circ}C$) and incubation at high temperature ($80^{\circ}C$) induced dark germination of seeds which did not germinate in the constant temperature ranges of 15 to $40^{\circ}C$ under darkness. Alternating temperature also had a stimulatory effect on dark germination of Oenothera lamarckiana seeds. Sensing of seeds to alternating temperature appeared to be completed during the first two days after imbibition. The minimum difference of temperature required for dark germination was $5^{\circ}C$ in the range of $15-25^{\circ}C$. A thiourea (1.0%) treatment induced dark germination, but GA, IAA, BA and Ethrel failed to do so.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 2016

Factors affecting germination of seeds in the forms of various environment and chemical compounds. The present study was aim to produced effective seed propagation method of Astilbe koreana (Kom.) Nakai which had expected high value for the cut flower, ornamental and pharmaceutical material. Seed width and length ranged 0.62, 2.22 ㎜, respectively, and weight of thousand seeds was 40.5 ㎎. As result of imbibition test, showed moisture content of fresh seed (2.57%) increased rapidly by water-soaking treatment under 24 hours, recording to maximum value of 29.8%, and expansion of the seed coat was observed. Seed germination was the best at 15℃ and light conditions (40.8%) among temperature and light conditions treated. Percent germination of seeds was improved under the low (15, 20℃) than high temperature (25, 30℃). In addition, the seed was not germinated at dark condition regardless of temperature. Seeds of A. koreana thus seemed that it had low temperature germinability conditions. To improve germination rate, seeds were submerged in various concentrations of growth regulators such as GA₃ and kinetin, and minerals as KNO₃ and KCl. As a results, KNO₃ treatment, regardless of concentrations, promoted germination compared to control. Especially, percent of germination (77.8%), germination energy (96.1%), mean germination time (11.3 days) and T₅₀ (6.5 days) were effectively improved by treatment of KNO₃ 20 mM.