• International Journal of Stem Cells
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.363-375
• /
• 2023

Stem cells are the foundational cells for every organ and tissue in our body. Cell-based therapeutics using stem cells in regenerative medicine have received attracting attention as a possible treatment for various diseases caused by congenital defects. Stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as well as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and neuroprogenitors stem cells (NSCs) have recently been studied in various ways as a cell-based therapeutic agent. When various stem cells are transplanted into a living body, they can differentiate and perform complex functions. For stem cell transplantation, it is essential to determine the suitability of the stem cell-based treatment by evaluating the origin of stem, the route of administration, in vivo bio-distribution, transplanted cell survival, function, and mobility. Currently, these various stem cells are being imaged in vivo through various molecular imaging methods. Various imaging modalities such as optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have been introduced for the application of various stem cell imaging. In this review, we discuss the principles and recent advances of in vivo molecular imaging for application of stem cell research.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
• /
• 제56권1호
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 2023

An accessory submandibular gland is a rare variation. As such, there is limited literature regarding the embryology, anatomy, variations, clinical imaging, and pathology of the accessory submandibular gland. In this article, we review the existing literature on the accessory submandibular gland from clinical and anatomical perspectives. The goal of this review is to provide comprehensive knowledge of this variation which can be useful for oral and maxillofacial/head and neck surgeons, radiologists, and anatomists. Within this review, the embryologic origin as well as the anatomy of the accessory submandibular gland is detailed. Several imaging modalities which can be used to visualize the accessory submandibular gland are outlined as well as its variations. Lastly, this review investigates several reported clinical considerations regarding the accessory submandibular gland including sialoliths, Wharton's duct obstruction, and pleomorphic adenoma.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.60.1-60.8
• /
• 2023

Background: Accurate diagnosis of diseases in animals is crucial for their treatment, and imaging evaluations such as radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are important tools for this purpose. However, a cross-sectional anatomical atlas of normal skeletal and internal organs of long-tailed gorals (Naemorhedus caudatus) has not yet been prepared for diagnosing their diseases. Objectives: The objective of this study was to create an anatomical atlas of gorals using CT and MRI, which are imaging techniques that have not been extensively studied in this type of wild animal in Korea. Methods: The researchers used CT and MRI to create an anatomical atlas of gorals, and selected 37 cross-sections from the head, thoracic, lumbar, and sacrum parts of gorals to produce an average cross-sectional anatomy atlas. Results: This study successfully created an anatomical atlas of gorals using CT and MRI. Conclusions: The atlas provides valuable information for the diagnosis of diseases in gorals, which can improve their treatment and welfare. The study highlights the importance of developing cross-sectional anatomical atlases of gorals to diagnose and treat their diseases effectively.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.59-75
• /
• 2021

The fornix is the major white-matter outflow tract from the hippocampus; it has a significant role in cognitive function. It is readily imaged via magnetic resonance imaging; its main parts are the crura, commissure, body, and columns. In this pictorial essay, we describe and illustrate the functional and imaging anatomy of the fornix and limbic system, as well as various disease entities involving the fornix.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.141-151
• /
• 2016

Purpose: Advances of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), especially that of the Ultra-High Field (UHF) MRI will be reviewed. Materials and Methods: Diffusion MRI data was obtained from a healthy adult young male of age 30 using a 7.0T research MRI scanner (Magnetom, Siemens) with 40 mT/m maximum gradient field. The specific imaging parameters used for the data acquisition were a single shot DW echo planar imaging. Results: Three areas of the imaging experiments are focused on for the study, namely the anatomy, angiography, and tractography. Conclusion: It is envisioned that, in near future, there will be more 7.0T MRIs for brain research and explosive clinical application research will also be developed, for example in the area of connectomics in neuroscience and clinical neurology and neurosurgery.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제46권3호
• /
• pp.134-139
• /
• 2016

Detailed structural and molecular imaging of intact organs has incurred academic interest because the associated technique is expected to provide innovative information for biological investigation and pathological diagnosis. The conventional methods for volume imaging include reconstruction of images obtained from serially sectioned tissues. This approach requires intense manual work which involves inevitable uncertainty and much time to assemble the whole image of a target organ. Recently, effective tissue clearing techniques including CLARITY and ACT-PRESTO have been reported that enables visualization of molecularly labeled structures within intact organs in three dimensions. The central principle of the methods is transformation of intact tissue into an optically transpicuous and macromolecule permeable state without loss of intrinsic structural integrity. The rapidly evolving protocols enable morphological analysis and molecular labeling of normal and pathological characteristics in large assembled biological systems with single-cell resolution. The deep tissue volume imaging will provide fundamental information about mutual interaction among adjacent structures such as connectivity of neural circuits; meso-connectome and clinically significant structural alterations according to pathologic mechanisms or treatment procedures.

• 대한영상의학회지
• /
• 제81권3호
• /
• pp.501-529
• /
• 2020

복잡한 해부학적 구조와 기능 때문에 뇌신경 질환의 신경영상검사는 항상 어려운 과제이다. 최근 자기공명영상(이하 MRI) 기법의 발달로 많은 경우에서 뇌신경 질환의 원인이 규명되고 있으며, 신경영상의학 의사들은 다학제 팀의 핵심적 팀원으로서 다양한 뇌신경 질환의 원활한 진단을 위하여 MRI에서 관찰되는 뇌신경의 세밀한 해부학적 구조를 잘 알아야 한다. 이 종설에서는 말초성 뇌신경 III-XII에 대해 뇌간으로부터 두개 밖까지 해부학적으로 비슷한 구조를 가지는 구역별로 분류하여 각 구역에서 보이는 뇌신경의 정상 해부학 및 MRI 소견을 설명하고자 한다. 또한 각 구역에서 가장 적합한 MRI 기법에 관하여도 기술하고자 한다.

• 한국임상수의학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국임상수의학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.306-306
• /
• 2009

• Korean Journal of Radiology
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.95-108
• /
• 2023

Recent advances in lymphatic imaging have provided novel insights into the lymphatic system. Interventional radiology has played a significant role in the development of lymphatic imaging techniques and modalities. Radiologists should be familiar with the basic physiology and anatomy of the lymphatic system to understand the imaging features of lymphatic disorders, which reflect their pathophysiology. This study comprehensively reviews the physiological and anatomical aspects of the human lymphatic system as well as the latest lymphatic imaging techniques.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.14-35
• /
• 2024

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most unique joints in the human body that orchestrates complex movements across different orthogonal planes and multiple axes of rotation. Comprising the articular eminence of the temporal bone and the condylar process of the mandible, the TMJ integrates five major ligaments, retrodiscal tissues, nerves, and blood and lymph systems to facilitate its function. Cooperation between the contralateral TMJ and masticatory muscles is essential for coordinated serial dynamic functions. During mouth opening, the TMJ exhibits a hinge movement, followed by gliding. The health of the masticatory system, which is intricately linked to chewing, energy intake, and communication, has become increasingly crucial with advancing age, exerting an impact on oral and systemic health and overall quality of life. For individuals to lead a healthy and pain-free life, a comprehensive understanding of the basic anatomy and functional aspects of the TMJ and masticatory muscles is imperative. Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) encompass a spectrum of diseases and disorders associated with changes in the structure, function, or physiology of the TMJ and masticatory system. Functional and pathological alterations in the TMJ and masticatory muscles can be visualized using various imaging modalities, such as cone-beam computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and bone scans. An exploration of potential pathophysiological mechanisms related to the TMJ anatomy contributes to a comprehensive understanding of TMD and informs targeted treatment strategies. Hence, this narrative review presents insights into the fundamental functional anatomy of the TMJ and pathological changes that evolve with TMD progression.