• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.13-28
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• 2019

This study analyzed precipitation environment, heavy metal contamination, and mineral composition of white, reddish brown and mixed precipitates occurring at the Osip stream drainage, Gangwondo. Furthermore, spectral characteristics of the precipitates associated with heavy metal contamination and mineral composition was investigated based on spectroscopic analysis. The pH range of the precipitates was 4.43-6.91 for white precipitates, 7.74-7.94 for reddish brown precipitates, and 7.59-7.9 for the mixed precipitates, respectively. XRF analysis revealed that these precipitates were contaminated with Ni, Cu, Zn, and As. The white precipitates showed high Al concentration compared to reddish brown precipitates as much as 3.3 times, and the reddish brown precipitates showed high Fe concentration compared to white precipitates as much as 15 times. XRD analysis identified that the mineral composition of the white participates was aluminocoquimbite, gibbsite, quartz, saponite, and illite, and that of reddish brown precipitates was aluminum isopropoxide, kaolinite, goethite, dolomite, pyrophyllite, magnetite, quartz, calcite, pyrope. The mineral composition of the mixed precipitates was quartz, albite, and calcite. The spectral characteristics of the precipitates was manifested by gibbsite, saponite, illite for white precipitates, goethite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite for reddish brown precipitates, and albite for the mixed precipitates, respectively. The spectral reflectance of the precipitates decreased with increase in heavy metal contamination, and absorption depth of the precipitates indicated that the heavy metal ions were adsorbed to saponite and illite for white precipitates, and goethite and magnetite for reddish brown precipitates.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1986

This experiment was conducted to examined the effects of the physico-chemical and mineral-logical properties of paddy soil on the desorption of $Cs^{137}$ from radionuclide, $Cs^{137}$ absorbed soils. 1. Adsorption of $Cs^{137}$ by paddy soil was very much and exchangeable fraction of $Cs^{137}$ extracted by ammonium acetate was very high compared to the water soluble fraction. Exchangeable fraction of $Cs^{137}$ in paddy soil decreased with the increase of potassium application and increased proportionally with the increase of $Cs^{137}$ treatment. 2. The distribution of several forms of $Cs^{137}$ in soils depend on the soil type. Average-distribution rates of water soluble, exchangeable and non-exchangeable fractions of $Cs^{137}$ in soils were 5.9%, 17.1% and 77.0%, respectively. 3. The desorption of $Cs^{137}$ from adsorbed soils decreased with increase of pH and exchangeable cations of the soils, but it increased as organic matter and clay content increase in soil. 4. Non-exchangeable adsorption of $Cs^{137}$ was high in the soils of which both Illite and Vermiculite were dominant.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1990

Clay mineralogical properties, soil formation and classification for the limestone derived soil were discussed from the 4 soil series, Pyeongchang, Anmi, Yulgog, and Mungyeong, distributed over the area of Bangjeol-Ri, Yeongweol-Eup, Gangweon-Do. The results are as follows; 1. Kaolinite and Al-interlayered vermiculite were the main clay minerals and other minerals were illite, vermiculite, and chlorite. 2. CEC of topsoil ranged from 10.5 to 22.9me/100g and that of sub-soil ranged from 10.0 to 23.8me/100g. CEC seemed to be increased with descending from topograpical position and had slightly significant positive correlation. 3. Lithologic changes as a runction of soil depth showed smooth change for Pyeongchang, discontinuity for Anmi, unpredictability for Yulgog, and uniformity for Mungyeong series. 4. According to the new system of soil taxanomy Pyeongchang series was classified as Typic Hapludalfs, Anmi as Fluventic Eutrochrepts, Yulgog as Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts, and Mungyeong as Aeric Haplaquepts.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.567-586
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• 1997

Concentrations of several heavy metals in soils derived from black shale and slate have been reported to be higher than the average concentrations in non-polluted soils. This study describes and characterizes soil minerals, and investigates the distribution of heavy metals in soils, and then examines their relationship. Soils in the study area are mainly consist of guartz and feldspars with minor amount of kaolin, illite, vermiculite, chlorite and illite-vermiculite interstratified minerals. Mineral compositions are similar in mountain-, farmland-, and paddy-soils. The residual soils derived from sandy phyllites contain less illites than those from black shale and black slate. Heavy metals appear to be more concentrated in soils than in rocks. The concentrate ratios in soils to rocks ranges 1.1 times for Cr, 2 for Cu, 1.4 for Ni. The contour maps of Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu contents using 0.43N $HNO_3$-extraction imply that these elements are highly concentrated in the soils near the past uranium exploration region, coal seams, black slate beds and tailings than other parts of the study area. The proportions of the day in most soils are less than 10%. In spite of small proportions of the clay, the concentrations of heavy metals from clay fractions to the total concentrations are high: 1~2.4 times for Co, 1.4~2.5 for Cu, 1.2~2.6 for Ni, 1~5 for Pb, 1~2.7 for Zn and 1.6~1.8 for Cr and V. The contents of organic carbons in clay fractions are also 1.5~3.9 times higher than in silt and sand fractions. Cu, Pb and organic carbons show positive relationship in all size fractions. In the size-fractionated soil profile samples, the contents of heavy metals and organic carbons show analogous trends with depth. For the clay fractions of soil profile samples, the contents of heavy metals with depth have analogous trends to abundances of vermiculites, which have the high CEC in main clay minerals.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2014

The four natural zeolites collected in Pohang and Gyeongju area, Kyungsangbuk-do, Korea, were characterized by XRD, XRF, DTA, TGA, and CEC analysis. The primary species of these zeolite are heulandite, modenite, illite, and illite in Kuryongpo (Ku), Pohang (Po), Yangbuk-A (Ya-A), and Yangbuk-B (Ya-B) samples. The XRF analysis showed that the four zeolites contain Si, Al, Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Fe. Cation exchange capacity of Kuryongpo (Ku) zeolite was the highest compared to other zeolites. The adsorption capacities of Cs and Sr in the four natural zeolites were compared at $25^{\circ}C$. On the basis of adsorption data Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model were confirmed. The equilibrium process was descried well by Langmuir isotherm model. This study shows that Ya-A zeolite is the most efficient for the $Cs^+$ and $Sr^{2+}$ ion adsorption compared to the other natural zeolites.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.113-121
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• 2012

The mechanical characteristics of a fault gouge from near Mt. Kumjung in Kumjung-Gu, Busan, were estimated from laboratory tests on different joint models. Fault gouge samples and joint samples in biotite granite were obtained from boreholes in the study area that had penetrated small faults associated with the Dongnae and Yangsan faults. XRD and SEM analyses revealed that for the fault gouge consists of several clay minerals with tabular structure (kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite, sericite), which could cause the considerable reduction of shear strength when wet. The shear strength of the fault gouge was obtained from direct shear tests of the fault gouge itself and from direct shear tests of several natural/artificial joint surfaces coated with fault gouge. The results indicate that the reduction of shear strength is more abrupt for the joint surfaces coated with fault gouge compared with uncoated joint surfaces, and that the friction angle of the fault gouge between joint surfaces is much lower than the internal friction angle of the fault gouge itself. Fault gouges in contact with rock, therefore, could have a stronger negative effect on the stability of structures in rock masses than the fault gouge itself.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2012

Soil pan typically presents the problems in soil water movement or in aeration which is not appropriate for a plant root growth, In this study physico-chemical characteristics of soils and micromorphological characteristic of clay accumulated zone were investigated to identify redox characteristic and evolution of a fragipan of Gangreung series commonly developed in coastal terraces. Gangreung series is classified as Aquic Fragiudalfs according to the USDA soil taxonomy. It is known that sedimentary ocean floor results in soil pan having parallel liner soil structure due to landscape evolution around 200 to 250 million years ago. it is considered that illite, kaolinite, and vermiculite are major clay minerals contained in a fragipan of Gangreung series. Mixed gray and reddish brown colored band around soil pores was found and would be the redoxmorphic features of fragipan. It is possibly due to accumulated illuvial clay and ferriargillans in soil pores and aggregates in reducing conditions eluding ferrous material. Therefore, mixed colored band around pores in soils of Gangreung series would be developed from the eluted ferrous materials which were accumulated in fragipan during the emerged land formation.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

The metamorphic environments occrrred in the Sadong and the Gobangsan formations were studied through the investigation of chloritoid and white mica in shales at Munkyung area. Two types of white mica occurs in the shale of Sadong formation; muscovite-dominant ($Mu_{76.1}Pa_{18.1}Ma_{5.8}$) and margarite-dominant ($Ma_{52.9}Mu_{31.6}Pa_{15.5}$). It is inferred that the muscovite-dominant white mica is generated by the diagenesis of Na-rich illite whereas the margarite-dominant white mica is generated by reactions between calcite and pyrophyllite separated from illite. In shales of the Gobangsan formation, chloritoids are observed with muscovite, pyrophyllite and chlorite. The chloritoids of the Gobangsan formation are considered to be originated from the reaction between pyrophyllite and chlorite. The Sadong and Gobangsan formations would have experienced the low-temperature metamorphism (anchizone) considering that white mica in general forms above the temperature of $200^{\circ}C$ and the assemblage of chloritoid-pyrophyllite-chlorite is stabilized below $280^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.14-24
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• 1994

The Sungsan clay deposits have been formed by the hydrothermal alteration of volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks of the Hwangsan Formation of Cretaceous age. Claystones are mainly composed of dickite, alunite, illitic minerals and tosudite. The mineralogical properties of clay minerals have been studied using X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and infrared absorption analysis. The physicochemical condition for the clay deposits also have been studied by the activity diagrams and mineral assemblages. Dickite, the dominant mineral in clay deposits, occurs generally as massive aggregates. It shows book-structure of well-defined hexagonal plates. Chemistry of dickite agrees with its ideal formula. Peak depth ratios in infrared absorption spectra were used for discrimination between pure and mixture of kaolin minerals. Five hydrothermal alteration zones are divided according to the mineral assemblages. From center to margin, alunite, dickite, illite and albite zones are discernible. Quartz zone occurs as small lenticular form in dickite zone. The formation of dickite and illite zones are promoted by decreasing $a_{k^+}$. An increase in $a_{H_{2}SO_{4}}$ or $a_{K_{2}SO_{4}}$ is required for the formation of alunite zone. Estimated temperature of formation ranges 110-270 $^{\circ}C$

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 1976

The present paper is a part of a study aimed at gaining information on the origin, mode of deposition, and characteristics of volcanic soils in Jeju. Volcanic activity of Jeju island has extremely influenced on the formation of various soils. Polysequum phenomenon of soils is one of outstanding soil genesis in Jeju. The typical polysequum soils was collected and analyzed by morphological, physico-chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological approaches The results are as follows: 1. The soils consists of polysequa, A and B horizons from volcanic ashes, unconsolidated volcanic sand layer and B(I) horizons from residual basalts. 2. The lithological discontinuity is also very distinct; silt loam from volcanic ashes, sand (II) from volcanic sand and clayey (III) from basalts. 3. Volcanic sand layer seems to be influenced by lava flow. The properties of it are similar to volcanic ashes rather than beneath residuum in micromorphological aspects. In micromorphological, this layer is gradually changed into soils. 4. Dominant clay minerals are allophane in A and B horizons from volcanic ashes and kaoline, vermiculite and illite from residual basalts. 5. The soils are not developed. There is no formation of argillic horizon in subsurface layers.