• BMB Reports
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.77-81
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• 2005

The monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP3), on chromosome 17q11.2-q12, is a secreted chemokine, which attracts macrophages during inflammation and metastasis. In an effort to discover additional polymorphism(s) in genes whose variant(s) have been implicated in asthma, we scrutinized the genetic polymorphisms in MCP3 to evaluate it as a potential candidate gene for asthma host genetic study. By direct DNA sequencing in twenty-four individuals, we identified four sequence variants within the 3 kb full genome including 1,000bp promoter region of MCP3; one in promoter region (-420T>C), three in intron (+136C>G, +563C>T, +984G>A) respectively. The frequencies of those four SNPs were 0.020 (-420T>C), 0.038 (+136C>G), 0.080 (+563C>T), 0.035 (+984G>A), respectively, in Korean population (n = 598). Haplotypes, their frequencies and linkage disequilibrium coefficients (|D'|) between SNP pairs were estimated. The associations with the risk of asthma, skin-test reactivity and total serum IgE levels were analyzed. Using statistical analyses for association of MCP3 polymorphisms with asthma development and asthma-related phenotypes, no significant signals were detected. In conclusion, we identified four genetic polymorphisms in the important MCP3 gene, but no significant associations of MCP3 variants with asthma phenotypes were detected. MCP3 variation/haplotype information identified in this study will provide valuable information for future association studies of other allergic diseases.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.152-157
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• 2004

효소에 의한 단백질 분해로 우리 밀의 저 알레르겐화를 시도하기 위한 기초 연구로서 금강밀에서 gluten fraction을 추출하여 동물 실험을 통하여 경구 섭취된 gluten에 대한 항체 생성을 유도하였다. Gluten fraction은 UTH buffer로 추출하여 10-50kDa 사이의 분자량에서 여러 밴드가 확인된 분획을 얻었으며 약 25 kDa, 34 kDa 그리고 45 kDa 부근의 밴드가 주요하게 나타났다. 그리고, 경구 투여로 유도된 gluten에 대한 항체는 ELISA와 western blot의 항원-항체 반응을 실시하여 anti-gluten lgG, IgE를 확인하였다. 또한 경구 투여의 투여 시간 경과에 따라 항체가는 상승하였다. 추출된 gluten fraction은 bromelain, papain, ficin 그리고 b.p. protease 각 효소의 최적 pH와 온도에서 가수 분해하여 gluten fraction의 알레르겐 저감화를 시도하였다. 효소 분해 후 gluten fraction의 저분자화 정도는 anti-gluten 하체에 대한 ELISA를 실시하여 검토하였다. 그 결과 bromelain, papain, ficin의 경우보다 b.p. protease을 처리한 경우가 ELISA value를 크게 저하시켰다. 이것은 gluten fraction이 b.p protease 효소 가수분해에 의해 생성된 항체가 인식하는 amino acid 서열 (epitope)이 분해되었음을 나타낸 것이다. 마지막으로 b.p. protease의 분해능력을 1mg, 2mg, 3mg/10mL로 첨가량을 달리하여 검토한 결과 첨가량에 따른 변화는 거의 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 금강밀의 gluten fraction 10mL에 b.p protease 1mg으로 4시간 처리하여 단백질을 분해하여 우리밀의 항원성 저하 가능성이 탐색되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2003

We have previously reported that expression of the somatostatin receptor subtypes, sst1-5, is differentially regulated by growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH) and forskolin (FSK), in vitro. GHRH binds to membrane receptors selectively located on pituitary somatotropes, activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) and increases sst1 and sst2 and decreases sst5 mRNA levels, without significantly altering the expression of sst3 and sst4. In contrast FSK directly activates AC in all pituitary cell types and increases sst1 and sst2 mRNA levels and decreases sst3, sst4 and sst5 expression. Two explanations could account for these differential effects: 1) GHRH inhibits sst3 and sst4 expression in somatotropes, but this inhibitory effect is masked by expression of these receptors in unresponsive pituitary cell types, and 2) FSK inhibits sst3 and sst4 expression levels in pituitary cell types other than somatotropes. To differentiate between these two possibilities, somatotropes were sequentially labeled with monkey anti-rat GH antiserum, biotinylated goat anti-human IgG, and streptavidin-PE and subsequently purified by fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). The resultant cell population consisted of 95% somatotropes, as determined by GH immunohistochemistry using a primary GH antiserum different from that used for FACS sorting. Purified somatotropes were cultured for 3 days and treated for 4 h with vehicle, GHRH (10 nM) or FSK ($10{\mu}M$). Total RNA was isolated by column extraction and specific receptor mRNA levels were determined by semi-quantitative multiplex RT-PCR. Under basal conditions, the relative expression levels of the various somatostatin receptor subtypes were sst2＞sst5＞sst3=sst1＞ sst4. GHRH treatment increased sst1 and sst2 mRNA levels and decreased sst3, sst4 and sst5 mRNA levels in purified somatotropes, comparable to the effects of FSK on purified somatotropes and mixed pituitary cell cultures. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GHRH acutely modulates the expression of all somatostatin receptor subtypes within GH-producing cells and its actions are likely mediated by activation of AC.

• 한국독어학회지:독어학
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• 제4집
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• pp.319-349
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• 2001

In meiner Arbeit habe ich versucht zu untersuchen, welche deutschen $W\"{o}rter$ historisch in die englische Sprache entlehnt wurden und welche politischen, sozialen, wirtschaftlichen, kulturellen und $milit\"{a}rischen\;Hintergr\"{u}nde$ in der jeweiligen Zeit bei dem Entlehnungsprozess eine Rolle gespielt hatten. Durch meine Untersuchung habe ich bemerkt, dass die deutschen $W\"{o}rter$ von der Altenglischen Zeit bis jetzt $st\"{a}ndig\;Einfl\"{u}sse$ auf die englische Sprache $ausge\"{u}bt$ haben: In der Altenglischen Zeit wurde zwar nur ein paar $W\"{o}rter$ aus der christlichen Kirche aus dem Althochdeutschen ins Altenglische entlehnt, aber $allm\"{a}hlich$ wurden die deutschen $W\"{o}rter$ aus vielen verschiedenen Bereichen ins Englische entlehnt, wie z. B. aus dem des Bergbaus, der Seefahrt, der Wissenschaft, der Literatur, der Philosophie, der Musik, des Schulwesens usw. Es ist auch verstandlich, dass $ungef\"{a}hr$ bis zum 16. Jahrhundert die deutschen $Lehnw\"{o}rter$ im Englischen aus geographischen $Gr\"{u}nden$ meistens aus dem $Niederl\"{a}ndischen$ bzw. aus dem Niederdeutschen stammten. Die Zahl der deutschen $Lehnw\"{o}rter$ im Englischen erreicht im 19. Jahrhundert den $h\"{o}chsten$ Stand, weil in dieser Zeit die deutsche Wissenschaft, besonders die Naturwissenschaft, Philosophie, Literatur und Musik weltweit sehr bekannt waren. Die $Lehnw\"{o}rter$ wurden normalerweise zusammen mit kulturellen $Einfl\"{u}ssen$, oder urn eine $L\"{u}cke$ des Wortsystems der heimischen Sprache $auszuf\"{u}llen$, entlehnt. Aber ich habe bei meiner Untersuchung auch bemerkt, dass die kulturellen $Einfl\"{u}sse$ manchmal keinen Einfluss auf die Entlehnung des fremden Wortschatzes $aus\"{u}ben$ und die Entlehnung der $W\"{o}rter$ keinen Zusamenhang mit einer $L\"{u}cke$ im Wortsystem der heimischen Sprache aufweist, d. h. die $W\"{o}rter\;k\"{o}nnen$ auch entlehnt werden, obwohl die entsprechenden $W\"{o}rter$ schon in der heimischen Sprache vorhanden sind. Und manchmal wurden die $ausl\"{a}indische$ Kultur angenommen, ohne ein Wort aus diesem Bereich entlehnt zu haben. Bemerkenswert ist auch, dass die deutschen $Lehnw\"{o}rter$ im Englischen im Vergleich zu den englischen $Lehnw\"{o}rtern$ im Deutschen beziehungsweise den $franz\"{o}sischen\;Lehrw\"{o}]rtern$ im Englischen $zahienma{\ss}ig$ sehr gering sind, weil Deutschland historisch gesehen in Europa eine nicht so $gro{\ss}e$ Rolle gespielt hatte wie England bzw. Frankreich. Aber ich bin sicher, dass in Zukunft mehr deutsche $W\"{o}rter$ als bisher aus verschiedenen Bereichen ins Englische entlehnt werden, weil Deutschland nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg in der Welt wirtschaftlich sehr viel Bedeutung zukommt und besonders in der $Europ\"{a}ischen$ Union politisch, wirtschaftlich und finanziell eine sehr $gro{\ss}e$ Rolle spielt und weiter spielen wird.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1471-1477
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• 2017

Objective: Since athletic performance is a most importance trait in horses, most research focused on physiological and physical studies of horse athletic abilities. In contrast, the molecular analysis as well as the regulatory pathway studies remain insufficient for evaluation and prediction of horse athletic abilities. In our previous study, we identified AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL) gene which was expressed as alternative spliced isoforms in skeletal muscle during exercise. In the present study, we validated two AXL alternative splicing transcripts (named as AXLa for long form and AXLb for short form) in equine skeletal muscle to gain insight(s) into the role of each alternative transcript during exercise. Methods: We validated two isoforms of AXL transcripts in horse tissues by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and then cloned the transcripts to confirm the alternative locus and its sequences. Additionally, we examined the expression patterns of AXLa and AXLb transcripts in horse tissues by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Results: Both of AXLa and AXLb transcripts were expressed in horse skeletal muscle and the expression levels were significantly increased after exercise. The sequencing analysis showed that there was an alternative splicing event at exon 11 between AXLa and AXLb transcripts. 3-dimentional (3D) prediction of the alternative protein structures revealed that the structural distance of the connective region between fibronectin type 3 (FN3) and immunoglobin (Ig) domain was different between two alternative isoforms. Conclusion: It is assumed that the expression patterns of AXLa and AXLb transcripts would be involved in regulation of exercise-induced stress in horse muscle possibly through an $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling pathway. Further study is necessary to uncover biological function(s) and significance of the alternative splicing isoforms in race horse skeletal muscle.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제11C권1호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2004

최근 초고속 인터넷, HDTV, 3차원 입체 고 선명 TV, 그리고 ATM backbone 망 등과 같은 광대역 통신의 요구가 빠른 속도로 증가하고 있다. 따라서 무선망을 통한 광대역 데이터를 전송하기 위해 Ka 대역 주파수의 사용이 요구된다. 그런데 Ka 대역 주파수를 사용하면 강우에 의한 페이딩이나 대기손실에 의해 수신 데이터의 성능이 심각하게 영향을 받는다. 따라서 채널환경에 의한 성능 감소를 극복하기 위해 적응형 모뎀이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 채널환경을 극복하는 155Mbps급 적응형 모뎀의 구조를 제시하고 설계한다. Ka 대역의 무선통신 채널에 대한 강우감쇠를 보상하기 위해 다양한 부호 율을 갖는 적응형 부호화 기법 및 TC-8PSK, QPSK, BPSK와 같은 다중 변조기법을 채택한다. 또한 본 논문에서는 다중 복조기에서 변조방식의 정보 없이 복조하기 위한 블라인드 복조방법을 제안하고, 빠른 위상모호성 해결 방법을 제안하며, SPW모델에 의해 적응형 모뎀의 설계와 시뮬레이션 결과를 제시한다. 본 155Mbps급 적응형 Modem은 $0.25\mu{m}$ CMOS 표준 셀 기술과 95만 게이트로 설계하고 구현하였다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2007

흰털오가피의 면역활성 증진 효과를 알아보기 위하여 선발된 수컷 마우스를 대상으로 하여 발효유에 흰털오가피 (뿌리 : 잎 : 줄기)와 더덕 열수추출건조물을 (5 : 2 : 1.5) : 1.5 비율로 혼합하여 투여한 그룹 1 mg/mL(A), 3 mg/mL(B), 9 mg/mL(C) 3그룹으로 나누어 임상적용 경로인 경구투여를 선택하여 발효유를 각각 3 mL/kg씩 위내로 직접 투여하였다. 대조군은 발효유만 먹인 그룹(D)과 식염수만 먹인 그룹(E)을 두었다. 흰털오가피의 함량이 ICR계 수컷 마우스의 면역기능에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아본 결과 모든 그룹에서 마우스의 증체량과 체중 증가는 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았고, 7주와 10주령에 안락사 시킨 마우스의 각 장기 무게에서도 간, 신장, 심장, 폐, 고환의 무게에서는 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 비장계수는 7주령 C군과 10주령 B군에서 유의성(p<0.05)있는 증가가 있었으며, 식이 지속기간이 길어질수록 증가된 반면, 흉선계수는 모든 군에서 유의성 있는 증가가 관찰되지 않았다. 항체생산 세포수는 흰털오가피 투여군이 대조군에 비해 증가하였으며, 7주령에 비해 10주령이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 항원에 대한 항체 생성량을 알아보기 위하여 혈구응집반응을 실시한 결과 흰털오가피 투여군이 대조군에 비하여 증가하는 경향을 보였고 10주령 C군에서 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다. 면역글로블린 농도는 흰털오가피 투여군에서 증가하였고, 7 및 10주령 C군에서 유의성이 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2014

The study was conducted to investigate the role of vitamin E in the high altitude hypoxia-induced damage to the intestinal barrier in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control (Control), high altitude hypoxia (HH), and high altitude hypoxia + vitamin E (250 mg/kg $BW^*d$) (HV) groups. After the third day, the HH and HV groups were placed in a hypobaric chamber at a stimulated elevation of 7000 m for 5 days. The rats in the HV group were given vitamin E by gavage daily for 8 days. The other rats were given equal volume saline. The results showed that high altitude hypoxia caused the enlargement of heart, liver, lung and kidney, and intestinal villi damage. Supplementation with vitamin E significantly alleviated hypoxia-caused damage to the main organs including intestine, increased the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p< 0.05), diamino oxidase (DAO) (p< 0.01) levels, and decreased the serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) (p< 0.01), interleukin-4 (IL-4) (p<0.001), interferon-gamma ($IFN-{\gamma}$) (p<0.01) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (p<0.001), and decreased the serum erythropoietin (EPO) activity (p<0.05). Administration of vitamin E significantly increased the S-IgA (p<0.001) in ileum and significantly improved the expression levels of occludin and $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, and decreased the expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and 2 alpha ($HIF-1{\alpha}$ and $HIF-2{\alpha}$), Toll-like receptors (TLR4), P-$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ p65(NF-${\kappa}B$ P65) in ileum compared to the HH group. This study suggested that vitamin E protectis from intestinal injury caused by high altitude hypoxia environment. These effects may be related to the HIF and TLR4/NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathway.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.175-181
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• 2009

The myosin light chain kinase (MYLK) gene encodes both smooth muscle and nonmuscle cell isoforms. Recently, polymorphisms in MYLK have been reported to be associated with several diseases. To examine the genetic effects of polymorphisms on the risk of asthma and related phenotypes, we scrutinized MYLK by re-sequencing/genotyping and statistical analysis in Korean population (n = 1,015). Seventeen common polymorphisms located in or near exons, having pairwise $r^2$ values less than 0.25, were genotyped. Our statistical analysis did not replicate the associations with the risk of asthma and log-transformed total IgE levels observed among African descendant populations. However, two SNPs in intron 16 (+89872C> G and +92263T> C), which were in tight LD (|D'| = 0.99), revealed significant association with log-transformed blood eosinophil level even after correction multiple testing ($P=0.002/P^{corr}=0.01$ and $P=0.002/P^{corr}=0.01$, respectively). The log-transformed blood eosinophil levels were higher in individuals bearing the minor alleles for +89872C> G and +92263T> C than in those bearing other allele. In additional subgroup analysis, the genetic effects of both SNPs were much more apparent among asthmatic patients and atopic asthma patients. Among atopic asthma patients, the log-transformed blood eosinophil levels were proportionally increased by gene-dose dependent manner of in both +89872C> G and +92263T> C(P = 0.0002 and P = 0.00007, respectively). These findings suggest that MYLK polymorphisms might be among the genetic factors underlying differential increases of blood eosinophil levels among asthmatic patients. Further biological and/or functional studies are needed to confirm our results.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.137-145
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• 2002

국내 6개 주요도시에서 조사된 어패류 오염도 현황을 토대로 우리나라 사람들의 어패류 섭취를 통한 유기주석화합물 인체노출량을 예측하고, 이에 따른 위해도를 추계하였다. 본 연구결과를 살펴보면 갈치의 경우, 성인이 식품수급표에서 제시하는 일일섭취량 3.02g/day를 평생 섭취한다는 노출시나리오하에 평균일일노출량은 확률분포로 나타냈을 때 그 중간값이 6.48$\times$ $10^{-7}$ mg/kg/day, 상한치 95th percentile값이 8.78$\times$$10^{-7}$ mg/kg/day로 나타났음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 비발암독성영향을 평가하기 위하여 BMD$_{10}$ 을 활용한 참고치(Reference dose)를 예측하였다. 이 때 BMD$_{10}$은 10% 비교변화를 BMR으로 하였을때 해당하는 용량의 95% 하한치이다. 본 연구에서 활용한 BMD는 digestion에 의한 근육내의 IgE titer, T.spiraris larvae와 조직학에 의한 근육내 T.spiraris larvae에 근거하여 예측된 것으로 0.03 mg/kg/day이다. 참고치는 BMD$_{10}$ 0.03 mg/kg/day에 불확실성 계수 100을 고려한 값으로 0.003 mg/kg/day이며, 이 때 활용한 불확실성계수는 실험동물에서 인체로의 외삽과정에서 고려한 계수 10과 인구집단 내 민감그룹 고려를 위한 계수 10을 적용한 것이다. 각 어패류의 위험지수(50th percentile)를 살펴보면 고등어에서 2.04$\times$ $10^{-2}$으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 소라에서 2.70$\times$ $10^{-5}$으로 가장 낮은 값을 나타냈다.