• 대한간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.237-246
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• 1971

The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of ice-pack application on different body areas and to note which body area produces the best results according to age, room temperature, sex and disease. Seventeen patients, including six men and eleven women, hospitalized at Seoul National University Hospital from May 22 to August 29, 1971, ranging in age from 15 through 60 years with an oral temperature of 38℃ or over, were chosen for this study. They were observed with regard to the effect of the ice-packs after applications for 30, 45 or 60 minutes. Four ice-packs, 7.6inch by 9 inch, were applied on the chest and the abdominal surface in the control group and the same size and number of packs on the axillae and political regions in the experimental group. The study results were reviewed in a statistical method to obtain the following findings 1. There was no significant difference in the change of the body temperature between the control group and the experimental group after applying the packs for 30, 45 or 60 minutes. 2. Individually, there was a significant difference in the change of body temperature between before and after application for 30, 45 or 60 minutes. 3. The difference of room temperature also had no merle influence on the body temperature taken immediately before applying the ice-packs. Even when ice-packs were applied for 30, 45 or 60 minutes, the room temperature did not influence the reduction of temperature in the patient. 4. There was a significant difference in the change of the body temperature, according to the sex, after application for 30, 45 or 60 minutes. Male patient's body temperature decreased far more noticeably than the female patients and the degree of reduction became more pronounced the longer the packs were applied. 5. In regard to age, in adults, the degree of reduction in the body temperature by the application of ice-packs was similar after appling them for 30, 45 or 60 minutes and did not depend upon the length of application. 6. Regardless of the disease, there was no great difference in the reduction of body temperature when the ice-packs were applied for 30 or 45 minutes, except for patients with typhoid fever when a striking decrease in the fever resulted after a 60 minute application of the ice-pack.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.346-350
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• 2008

Tests were conducted to obtain heat transfer coefficients during slush formation from 10% sucrose solution. The slush was made by scraping the ice formed on the cylinder. Cold brine was supplied inside of the cylinder to cool the outer surface. Below a certain brine temperature, which was $5^{\circ}C$ in this study, the solution was supercooled, and suddenly turned into ice. The super-cooling increases as the brine temperature increased. During slush formation, the heat transfer coefficient oscillated significantly, due to periodic removal of ice chunk form the surface. The average heat transfer coefficient during slush formation was approximately twice of that obtained during single phase cooling. The heat transfer coefficient was also affected by the brine temperature with increasing heat transfer coefficient at lower brine temperature.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2012

Sea ice properties have been considered a key indicator in the structural design criteria of icebreaking vessels and arctic offshore platforms to estimate design ice load and resistance for their safety management in Arctic Ocean. A measurement study of sea ice properties was conducted during July to August of 2011 with the Korean icebreaking research vessel "Araon" around Chukchi Borderland. The sea ice concentration appears to be rapidly decreasing during this cruise. Ice condition seems to be thick second-year ice and multi-year ice and then, a lot of melt ponds were observed in the surface of ice floe. Calculated flexural strength of sea ice was about 250~550kPa, ice thickness was roughly 1.3~3.0m. In this research we performed field experiment to measure ice temperature along the depth, thickness, density, salinity, brine volume ratio and crystal structure. Apparent conductivities derived with the electromagnetic induction instrument were compared to drill hole measurement results and accuracy of sea ice thickness estimation formula was discussed.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제41회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.192-192
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• 2011

Hyperthermal ion scattering experiments were conducted with low kinetic energy (<35 eV) cesium ion beams to analyze the UV-photolyzed water-ice films. Neutral molecules (X) on the surface were detected as cesium-molecule ion clusters ($CsX^+$) which were formed through a Reactive Ion Scattering (RIS) process. Ionic species on the surface were desorbed from the surface via a low energy sputtering (LES) process, and were analyzed [1]. Using these methods, the thermal stability of hydronium ion ($H_3O^+$) that was produced by UV light was examined. As the thermal stability of $H_3O^+$ is related with the reaction, $H_3O^+$ + OH + $e^-$ (or $OH^-$) ${\rightarrow}$ $2H_2O$, which is similar or same with the reverse reaction of the auto-ionization of water, the result from this work would be helpful to understand the auto-ionization of $H_2O$ in water-ice that has not been well-understood yet. However, as $H_3O^+$ was not detected through a LES method, the titration experiment of $H_3O^+$ with methylamine ($CH_3NH_2$, MA), MA + $H_3O^+\;{\rightarrow}\;MAH^+$ + $H_2O$, was conducted. In this case, the presence of $MAH^+$ indicates that of $H_3O^+$ in the ice. Thus the pristine ice was photolyzed with UV light for a few minutes and this photolyzed ice was remained at the certain temperature for minutes without UV light. Then MA was adsorbed on that surface so that the population of $H_3O^+$ was found. From the calibration experiments, the relation of $MAH^+$ and $H_3O^+$ was found, so that the thermal stability of $H_3O^+$ can be investigated [2].

• 자원환경지질
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2003

남극 드레이크해협(45$^{\circ}$~75$^{\circ}$W 55$^{\circ}$~66$^{\circ}$S)의 해빙분포를 연구하기 위해 인공위성 레이더 고도계, 복사계, 및 산란계 자료글 이용하였다. 레이더 고도계 자료는 Topex/poseidon MGDR을 사용하였고, Geo_bad_1 flag를 이용하여 1992년부터 1999년 동안 연구지역내 해빙면적을 계산하여 월별 분포를 구하였다. DMSP의 SSM/I 인공위성 복사계 자료를 이용하여 1993년부터 1996년 사이 연구지역의 해빙의 면적비(ice concentration)를 추출하였다. 0에서 100% 로 나타나는 해빙 면적비를 고도계로부터 관측된 해빙의 면적과 대비함으로써 해빙의 유무를 결정할 수 있는 해빙 면적비를 20%로 결정하였고, 이를 이용하여 복사계로부터 추출된 해빙 분포를 인공위성 고도계 및 ERS-1/2 인공위성 산란계의 자료와 통합하였다. 추출된 해빙 분포를 간접적으로 검증하기 위해 지난 20년 동안의 연구지역내 해빙 면적비를 인접한 Esperanza 관측지점의 월평균 기온 자료와 대비하여 검증하였다. 그 결과 두 자료는 0.86의 높은 상관관계를 보였다 이로부터 해빙 분포와 온도 변화가 매우 밀접한 관계를 가지며 변화한다는 사실을 알 수 있고, 해빙 의 증감과 기온의 밀접한 관계를 감안할 때 본 연구 결과를 간접적으로 입증한다. 본 연구의 결과로부터 인공위성 복사계 자료로부터 해빙의 유무를 직접 판단 할 수 있는 근거를 마련하였고, 인공위성 고도계, 복사계 및 산란계의 자료를 통합함으로써 보다 상세한 해빙의 시간적 공간적 분포변화를 관측할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.721-727
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• 2003

Freezing of turbulent water flow between two horizontal cooled parallel plates with the separated region has been investigated experimentally. The flow separation was induced by vertical plates (two-dimensional plates) situated at the inlet of the rectangular channel. The degree of flow separation was varied by employing vertical thin plates with various heights. Three kinds of the vertical plates with 8.0, 9.8 and 12.5 mm in height were utilized. The Reynolds number and cooling temperature ratio were ranged from $3.45\times10^3 to 1.73\times10^4$ and 7.0 to 20.0 respectively, The measurements show that the flow separation influenced remarkably on the local ice formation characteristics. The location of the first ice layer and the average heat transfer at the ice surface were found be correlated as a function of the Reynolds number, the cooling temperature ratio, and the orifice height ratio.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.134-143
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• 1997

A theoretical and experimental study has been performed to investigate the characteristics of ice-slurry product. By diffusion-controlled model, the possibility of ice slurry has been theoretically anticipated. The water vapor evaporated from the surface of droplets is extracted continuously from the chamber by a vacuum pump. The droplet diameter was measured by silion immersed method. The ice slurry has been obtained by spraying droplets of ethylene-glycol aqueous solution in the chamber where pressure is maintained under the triple point of water. The droplet of which the diameter is $300{\mu}m$, and the initial temperature is $20^{\circ}C$, was changed into ice particle within the chamber of which the height is 1.33m.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권9호
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• pp.857-863
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• 2002

The meteorological elements were measured to investigate cause of summertime ice formation at Unchiri, Gangwon Province. The cause of freezing at valley was conformed as adiabatic expansion theory, latent heat of evaporation, natural convective theory, cold air remain theory, and convective freezing theory according to former study. However nither theory produced a satisfactory explanation. This studying area is not valley but ridge, and underground water surface exists at below than freezing height. wintertime temperature drop and summertime cold air spouting were explain as natural convective theory, generation of water drop on the rock was explained as cooling theory by air expansion, and ice formation on the rock was explained as adiabatic expansion theory. In conclusion, formation of ice valley at Unchiri was formed by natural convective theory, adiabatic expansion theory, and latent heat of evaporation successively.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• 제6권
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• pp.45-55
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• 1998

A theoretical and experimental study is performed to investigate the characteristics of ice slurry product. By diffusion-controlled evaporation model the possibility of ice slurry is theoretically anticipated. The water vapor evaporated from the surface of droplets is extracted continuously from the chamber by a vacuum pump. The droplet diameter is measured by silicon immersion method. The ice slurry is obtained by spraying droplets of ethylene glycol aqueous solution in the chamber where pressure is maintained under the triple point of water. The droplet with the diameter of 300 $\mu\textrm{m}$and the initial temperature of 2$0^{\circ}C$ was changed into ice particle within the chamber of 1.33m in height.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.643-648
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• 2009

Tests were conducted to obtain heat transfer coefficients during slush formation from 10% sucrose solution. The slush was made by scraping the ice formed on the cylinder. Cold brine was supplied inside of the evaporator cylinder to cool the outer surface. Below a certain brine temperature, which was $-5^{\circ}C$ in this study, the solution was supercooled, and suddenly turned into ice crystals. During slush formation, the heat transfer coefficient oscillated significantly, due to periodic removal of ice chunk form the surface. The average heat transfer coefficient during slush formation was 40~70% higher than that obtained during single phase cooling. The heat transfer coefficient was also affected by the brine temperature with increasing heat transfer coefficient at higher brine temperature.