• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.475-488
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• 2010

The daily caffeine intake from elementary school children's favorite foods was surveyed and evaluated. Children may respond to caffeine differently from adults because they have different physiological makeup and are functionally immature. Therefore, caffeine exposure may have more serious consequences for children than for adults, irrespective of sensitivity. Their preference, perception, and intake of caffeine from children's favorite foods were investigated by questionnaire for 355 children. The order of children's preference over foods containing caffeine was ice cream and ices, confectionary, milk and milk products, and soft beverage. The daily caffeine intake of children was estimated to range from 0.16 to 917.28 mg/day, with an average of $36.04\;{\pm}\;82.7$ mg/day and $36.9\;{\pm}\;96.0$ mg/day for boys and girls, respectively. The daily caffeine intake according to body weight was $1.08\;{\pm}\;2.23$ mg/kg and $1.12\;{\pm}\;2.66$ mg/kg for boys and girls, respectively. The percentage of acceptable daily intake (ADI) of caffeine was 43.4% for boys and 44.9% for girls. The sources of caffeine for boys and girls were soft beverage (18.3 mg and 16.1 mg), milk and milk products (8.9 mg and 8.5 mg), ice cream and ices (5.7 mg and 7.3 mg), chocolate (1.6 mg and 3.2 mg), and confectionery (1.6 mg and 1.8 mg).

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.95.1-95.1
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• 2012

Halo coronal mass ejections (HCMEs) are major cause of geomagnetic storms and their three dimensional structures are important for space weather. In this study, we compare three cone models: an elliptical cone model, an ice-cream cone model, and an asymmetric cone model. These models allow us to determine the three dimensional parameters of HCMEs such as radial speed, angular width, and the angle (${\gamma}$) between sky plane and cone axis. We compare these parameters obtained from three models using 62 well-observed HCMEs from 2001 to 2002. Then we obtain the root mean square error (RMS error) between maximum measured projection speeds and their calculated projection speeds from the cone models. As a result, we find that the radial speeds obtained from the models are well correlated with one another (R > 0.84). The correlation coefficients between angular widths are less than 0.53 and those between ${\gamma}$ values are less than 0.47, which are much smaller than expected. The reason may be due to different assumptions and methods. The RMS errors of the elliptical cone model, the ice-cream cone model, and the asymmetric cone model are 213 km/s, 254 km/s, and 267 km/s, respectively. Finally, we discuss their strengths and weaknesses in terms of space weather application.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.96.1-96.1
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• 2011

Halo coronal mass ejections (HCMEs) are major cause of the geomagnetic storms. To minimize the projection effect by coronagraph observations, we consider two CME cone models: an ice-cream cone model and an asymmetric cone model. These models allow us to determine three dimensional parameters of HCMEs such as radial speed, angular width, and the angle between sky plane and cone axis. In this study, we compare these parameters obtained from both models using 50 well-observed HCMEs from 2001 to 2002. Then we obtain the root mean square error (RMS error) between measured projection speeds and estimated ones for the models. As a result, we find that the radial speeds obtained from the models are well correlated with each other (R=0.89), and the correlation coefficient of angular width is 0.68. The correlation coefficient of the angle between sky plane and cone axis is 0.42, which is much smaller than what is expected. The reason may be due to the fact that the source locations of the asymmetric cone model are assumed to be near the center. The average RMS error of the asymmetric cone model (86.2km/s) is slightly smaller than that of the ice-cream cone model (88.6km/s).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.293-301
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effect of eating habits and dietary attitudes on dessert consumption among university students in Gwangju Province, South Korea. Methods: A survey was conducted from May to June 2022. Out of 300 distributed questionnaires, 261 valid responses were included in the analysis. The survey assessed dessert selection, satisfaction, consumer attitudes and behaviors, as well as factors influencing satisfaction. Results: Both genders reported purchasing desserts 2 to 3 times per week, primarily after lunch, due to the convenience of dessert accessibility. Males favored ice cream, bakery items, and fruits, while females preferred bakery items, ice cream, and fruits in that sequence. 'Having fun' was identified as the most common motivation for dessert consumption post-meal. Notable gender disparities emerged regarding perceptions of dessert consumption, including its role in stress relief, potential for nutritional imbalance, positive effects, and preferences for seasonal menus. Significant gender-based differences also manifested in intentions to purchase dessert, responsiveness to price changes, and inclination to recommend desserts to others. Conclusions: This study offers foundational data on university students' dessert purchasing behaviors, perceptions, and satisfaction levels, intending to inform strategies promoting healthier dietary habits.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.449-461
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the preference and consumption pattern on milk and milk products of middle and high school students. The subjects were 1,195 students(590 middle school and 605 high school students) living in Geochang area. The survey was conducted by using a self-administered questionnaire in November, 2004. The results were as follows. Sixty-three point four percent of the subjects liked milk, and the main reason was 'accelerate growth and development'(55.4%). Preferred tastes of milk were 'savory taste'(35.4%) and 'sweet taste' (29.9%). Banana milk, chocolate milk, strawberry milk, ice cream, yoplait and yogurt were highly preferred. General preference for different kinds of milk was significantly higher in high school students and male students than in middle school students and female ones. With regard to preference for dairy products, cream (p<0.01) and butter(p<0.05) was preferred more by male students than by female ones, ice cream(p<0.05), yoplait (p<0.05) more by female students than male ones. The score of milk intake frequency was 3.84(3-4 times a week) out of 5 points(7 times a week) for white milk, and that of chocolate milk was 1.98, banana milk 1.96, strawberry milk 1.72, coffee milk 1.65, showing that these products were drank less then once a week. In addition, the white milk intake frequency was significantly higher in middle school students and male students than in high school students and female students(p<0.001). Preference for milk showed a positive correlation with preference for dairy products (r=0.543, P<0.001) and frequency of milk intake(r=0.429, P<0.001). This suggests that those who prefer milk high tend to prefer dairy products and to show high milk intake frequency. In addition, milk intake frequency was in a high positive correlation with dairy product intake frequency(r=0.648, P<0.001).

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.517-526
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the sugar content, acidity, and viscosity of the Korean frozen desert. Methods: A total of 60 types of frozen desserts marketed in Korea were randomly selected and classified into frozen desserts, milk-fat ice cream group, and non-fat ice cream group according to the classification criteria for frozen desserts. Each product was treated under the same conditions to investigate the component of each product, and sugar content, acidity, and viscosity were measured. Frequency analysis and one-way ANOVA were performed. Results: As a result of analyzing the characteristics related to dental caries activity by group, the frozen dessert had the lowest average pH of 3.67, and the sugar content was significantly higher in the milk-fat group (33.22) and non-fat group (32.89) than in the frozen dessert. The viscosity was also the highest in the milk-fat group at 32.62, and the frozen dessert was significantly lower at 9.42. Conclusions: Due to the abnormal temperature and spread of the coronavirus, consumption of frozen desserts at home is on the rise. To prevent dental caries in children, education is needed for children and their guardians for proper oral care after eating frozen desserts.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.93-93
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• 2006

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.93-93
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• 2004

• 전기의세계
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.19-20
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• 1977

근래 국민생활수준의 향상에 따라 일반가정에서 필수품으로 애용되고 있는 전기냉장고와 상품용 청량음료, 식품등의 보관에 널리 이요오디는 Show case, ice cream stocker등 냉응용기의 수요가 날로 증대되어 왔고, 이들 제품의 핵심부품인 Compressor의 도입량도 매년 증가되고 있으며 국내가전업계에서 도입하는 부품의 비중으로 볼 때 상당한 부담을 안고있는것으로 간주된다. 당사에서는 그동안 도입에만 의존하던 compressor의 국산화에 착수하여 여러가지 우려곡적을 격은 결과 국산개발을 성공리에 완수하고 제품의 국산화 비율을 높이는 등 여러 측면에서 지대한 성과를 거두었다. 본고에서는 당사의 Compressor국산화 작업에 부수하였던 제반 문제점들을 열거하므로써 국내업계에 조금이나마 도움이 되었으면 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate preference for convenience food and dietary attitude in college students in Seoul and Kyunggi-do area. This study used a questionnaires as instrument tool. Thequestionnaire consisted of socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects, the valuation of preference for convenience, the concern of nutrition, and the dietary attitude. The subject were 199 males and 137 females. The mean age of subjects was 22.4$\pm$2.3year. The results have been summarized as follows Male students preferred more convenience food than females. Male students liked chicken, ice cream, ramyeon, pizza·hamburgerandfemalestudentslikedchicken,pizza, ice cream, ramyeon·hamburger. The kinds of convenience foods for a substitute meal were ramyeon, hamburger, bread, potato in male group and female group had frequently ramyeon, hamburger, bread, rice cake for a substitute meal. Male students were more likely to eat ramyeon (p<0.01) and purchased sabalmyeon The subjects used to purchase sabalmyeon as main convenience food at convenient store The score of preference for convenience food in male group was higher than female group. The score of attitude toward balanced diet in female group was higher than male group(p<0.01). In scores of concern for nutrition information, balanced diet, and nutrition knowledge, Female group had higher scores of concern for nutrition information, balanced diet, and nutrition knowledge than that of male group (p<0.01).There was no significant difference in the degree of preference for packing types, however, Male group tended to prefer more micro wave type than female group. The persons to affect the consumption of convenience food were friends. There was no significant difference in the time of purchase convenience food, however, Male tended to purchase convenience food at the time of snack than female group. As a results, proper nutritional education and qualitative development of convenience food are required in order to improve the consuming attitude of consumers and their preference for convenience food.