• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1096-1101
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• 2012

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) leads to the dysfunction in digestive system, as well as the alteration in the expression of some functional proteins. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) could be induced by various stress factors, but whether Hsp70 expression is changed in neonatal IUGR infants has not been demonstrated. This study was conducted to explore the expression of Hsp70 in the liver by using the IUGR piglet model. Liver and plasma samples were obtained from IUGR and normal birth weight (NBW) piglets at birth. The neonatal IUGR piglets had significantly lower liver weight than their counterparts. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum were enhanced significantly in IUGR indicating liver dysfunction. The activities of superoxide dismutase (p<0.01), glutathione peroxidase (p<0.01) and catalase (p>0.05) were lower and the level of malondialdehybe was higher (p<0.05) in IUGR liver compared with in NBW. According to the results of histological tests, fatty hepatic infiltrates and cytoplasmic vacuolization were present in the liver of IUGR piglets, but not in NBW liver. The expression of Hsp70 protein was significantly higher (p<0.05) in IUGR piglet liver than in NBW. Similar to where the hepatic injuries were observed, location of Hsp70 was mostly in the midzonal hepatic lobule indicating that oxidative stress might be responsible for the increased expression of Hsp70.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.686-695
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary choline supplementation on hepatic lipid metabolism and gene expression in finishing pigs with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Methods: Using a $2{\times}2$ factorial design, eight normal birth weight (NBW) and eight IUGR weaned pigs were fed either a basal diet (NBW pigs fed a basal diet, NC; IUGR pigs fed a basal diet, IC) or a diet supplemented with two times more choline than the basal diet (NBW pigs fed a high-choline diet, NH; IUGR pigs fed a high-choline diet, IH) until 200 d of age. Results: The results showed that the IUGR pigs had reduced body weight compared with the NBW pigs (p<0.05 from birth to d 120; p = 0.07 from d 120 to 200). Increased (p<0.05) free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride levels were observed in the IUGR pigs compared with the NBW pigs. Choline supplementation decreased (p<0.05) the levels of FFAs and triglycerides in the serum of the pigs. The activities of malate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were both increased (p<0.05) in the livers of the IUGR pigs. Choline supplementation decreased (p<0.05) malate dehydrogenase activity in the liver of the pigs. Gene expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) was higher (p<0.05) in the IC group than in the other groups, and choline supplementation decreased (p<0.05) FAS and acetyl-CoA carboxylase ${\alpha}$ expression in the livers of the IUGR pigs. The expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) was lower (p<0.05) in the IC group than in the other groups, and choline supplementation increased (p<0.05) the expression of CPT1A in the liver of the IUGR pigs and decreased (p<0.01) the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase in both types of pigs. The gene expression of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) was higher (p<0.05) in the IC group than in the other groups, and choline supplementation significantly reduced (p<0.05) PEMT expression in the liver of the IUGR pigs. Conclusion: In conclusion, the lipid metabolism was abnormal in IUGR pigs, but the IUGR pigs consuming twice the normal level of choline had improved circulating lipid parameters, which could be related to the decreased activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-generating enzymes or the altered expressions of lipid metabolism-related genes.

• 한국통계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국통계학회 2003년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.171-176
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• 2003

방대한 양의 데이터에서 의사결정에 필요한 정보를 발견하는 일련의 과정을 데이터 마이닝 (data mining)이라고 하는데, 본 연구에서는 생물정보학 (bioinofmatics)의 한분야로서 의학분야의 통계적 의사결정 시스템을 제공하는 의사결정나무 (decision tree) 알고리즘 중 QUEST를 S-PLUS로 구현하고(이하 S-QUEST) 발육제한(Intrauterine Growth Restriction; IUGR) 데이터를 분석하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.343-348
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the development of T cells in intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) piglets at different gestational stages, and tentatively explore the relationship between T cells development and the Notch signaling pathway. A total of 18 crossbred (Landrace${\times}$Large white) primiparous sows were mated at similar weights and estruses and euthanized at d 60, 90 and 110 of gestation with six replicates for each time point. One IUGR and one normal fetus were picked from each litter. The T-cell subsets, mRNA expression of Delta-like1, Delta-like4, Jagged1, and Notch2 genes in the thymus were investigated. Compared to normal piglets, $CD3^+CD4^-CD8^+$ cells in IUGR fetuses at d 90 was 0.13% lower (p<0.05). At d 110 of gestation $CD8^+$ T cells in IUGR fetuses was 0.19% lower (p<0.05). The percentage of $CD8^+$ T cells was 3.14% lower (p<0.05) of the total T cells in IUGR pigs at d 60. The abundance of Notch2 and Delta-like4 mRNA at d 110 was 20.93% higher and 0.77% (p<0.05) lower, and Delta-like1 mRNA at d 90 was 0.19% (p<0.05) higher compared to normal pigs. These results suggested that normal fetuses had a greater proportion of T-cell subsets at earlier gestation periods, and the Notch signaling pathway was likely partially responsible for these differences to some degree.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2000

목 적: 연구자들은 삼성의료원 소아과에 상기 증상으로 내원한 환아의 임상상을 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법: 1997년 3월부터 1999년 7월까지 failure to thrive를 주소로 삼성의료원 소아과 영양크리닉을 방문한 16세 이하의 영아 및 소아 환자 74명을 대상으로 후향적인 방법으로 병록지 고찰을 통하여 임상 상을 알아보았다. 외래를 내원하였을 때 환아의 출생체중, 체질성 성장지연의 가족력을 포함하는 병력청취와 신체검사를 시행하였고, failure to thrive가 병력 및 신체검사로 설명이 되지 않는 경우는 흉부 방사선촬영, 간 기능 검사, 전해질 검사, 신장기능 검사, 혈액 검사, 요침사를 포함하는 소변검사를 시행하였고 필요한 경우 뇌파검사, Brain MRI, 골 연령 등을 측정하였다. 또한 영양사의 도움을 얻어 현재 섭취하고 있는 음식의 열량을 분석하였다. 결 과: 1) 74명의 환아의 병록지 고찰이 가능하였고 이중 남아가 43명이었으며 나이는 1개월에서 13년 1개월(평균: $3.3{\pm}3.7$세)이었다. 2) 전체적으로 원인을 추정할 수 있었던 총 69례 중 생리적 failure to thrive는 33례로 전체 47.8%, 병적인 failure to thrive는 36례로 52.2%를 차지하였고, 생리적 failure to thrive에서는 가족성 저신장증, IUGR, 체질성 성장지연, Idiosyncrasy, 미숙아 순이였고 병적 원인의 경우 나이와 관계없이 중추 신경계질환, 위장관 질환, 알레르기 질환 순이었다. 3) 3세 미만의 군에서는 원인을 추정할 수 있었던 총 41례 중 19례(46.3%)가 생리적 원인이었고 IUGR과 가족성 저신장증이 가장 많았다. 4) 3세 이상의 군에서는 원인을 추정할 수 있었던 28례의 환아 중 14례(50%)에서 생리적 원인으로 가족성 저신장증, 체질성 성장지연, IUGR 순이었다5). 평균 섭취열량은 하루 권장량의 76.2%였다. 체질성 성장지연과 IUGR, Idiosyncrasy, 병적 failure to thrive는 평균 섭취열량이 적은 경향을 보였고, 미숙아는 비교적 정상적인 소견을 보였으며 가족성 저신장증의 경우 열량 공급이 고루 분포되는 경향을 보였다. 5) 신체형은 생리적 failure to thrive의 원인 중 미숙아, IUGR과 병적인 failure to thrive에서는 신장과 체중 모두 감소되어 있는 형이 가장 많았고, 체질성 성장지연과 가족성 저신장증에서는 신장은 정상이나 체중은 감소되어 있는 형이 많았다. 결 론: Failure to thrive는 3세 미만에서는 IUGR 및 가족성 저신장증 등이 failure to thrive의 가장 흔한 원인이고 3세 이상에서는 가족성 저신장증과 체질성 성장지연 등 유전환경이 가장 흔한 원인이다. 병적인 failure to thrive의 원인은 나이와 관계없이 중추 신경계질환, 위장관 질환이 가장 흔한 원인이다. 영 유아를 포함하는 소아에서의 failure to thrive의 원인은 대개 치료가 필요하지 않는 생리적인 원인이 많고 완전한 병력청취 및 신체 검사만으로도 진단이 가능하므로 조기 진단 후 적절한 영양평가는 중요하리라 생각된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary leucine supplementation on mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism in the liver of normal birth weight (NBW) and intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) weanling piglets. MATERIALS/METHODS: A total of sixteen pairs of NBW and IUGR piglets from sixteen sows were selected according to their birth weight. At postnatal day 14, all piglets were weaned and fed either a control diet or a leucine-supplemented diet for 21 d. Thereafter, a $2{\times}2$ factorial experimental design was used. Each treatment consisted of eight replications with one piglet per replication. RESULTS: Compared with NBW piglets, IUGR piglets had a decreased (P < 0.05) hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. Also, IUGR piglets exhibited reductions (P < 0.05) in the activities of hepatic mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), citrate synthase (CS), ${\alpha}$-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (${\alpha}$-KGDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and complexes I and V, along with decreases (P < 0.05) in the concentration of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the protein expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$ coactivator $1{\alpha}$ (PGC-$1{\alpha}$). Dietary leucine supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the content of ATP, and the activities of CS, ${\alpha}$-KGDH, MDH, and complex V in the liver of piglets. Furthermore, compared to those fed a control diet, piglets given a leucine-supplemented diet exhibited increases (P < 0.05) in the mtDNA content and in the mRNA expressions of sirtuin 1, PGC-$1{\alpha}$, nuclear respiratory factor 1, mitochondrial transcription factor A, and ATP synthase, $H^+$ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, ${\beta}$ polypeptide in liver. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary leucine supplementation may exert beneficial effects on mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism in NBW and IUGR weanling piglets.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2018

Purpose: We assessed the influence of antenatal corticosteroid (ACS) on the inhospital outcomes of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) infants. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted with singletons born at $23^{+0}$ to $33^{+6}weeks$ of gestation at Seoul National University Hospital from 2007 to 2014. We compared clinical outcomes between infants who received ACS 2 to 7 days before birth (complete ACS), at <2 or >7 days (incomplete ACS), and those who did not receive ACS in IUGR and AGA infants. Multivariate logistic regression using Firth's penalized likelihood was performed. Results: 304 neonates with 91 IUGR neonates were eligible. Among AGA neonates, mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02 to 0.78), hypotension within 7 postnatal days (aOR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.64), and severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or death (aOR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.77) were lower in complete ACS group after adjusting for pregnancy induced hypertension and uncontrolled preterm labor. Mortality (aOR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.78), hypotension (aOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.70), and severe BPD or death (aOR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.92) were also lower in the incomplete ACS group. Among IUGR infants, after adjusting for birth weight and 5-minute Apgar score, inhaled nitric oxide use within 14 postnatal days was lower in both complete ACS (aOR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.67) and incomplete ACS (aOR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.37) groups. Conclusion: ACS was not effective in reducing morbidities in IUGR preterm infants.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2008

목 적 : 융모막의 종류에 따른 주산기에 미치는 영향과 쌍태아간 수혈 증후군이나 선택적 태아 발육부전이 있는 단일 융모막의 주산기 영향을 평가하였다. 방 법 : 2002년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지 일신기독병원에서 재태 연령 12주에서부터 분만과정까지 산전 진찰을 받고 분만을 한 단일 융모막 산모 99명, 이 융모막 산모 206명, 그리고 이들에게서 태어난 188명의 단일 융모막 쌍생아와 411명의 이 융모막 쌍생아를 대상으로 외래 및 입원 병력 기록지를 후향적으로 조사하였다. 쌍태아간 수혈 증후군과 선택적 태아 발육부전의 빈도 및 융모막 종류에 따른 주산기 영향 및 신생아 이환을 평가하였다. 결 과 : 단일 융모막군은 이 융모막군보다 재태 연령이 작고(35.7 vs 36.6, P=0.03) 태아 사망이 많았다(10% vs 1.5%, P<0.001). 그리고 단일 융모막군의 선택적 발육부전이 이 융모막의 선택적 발육부전보다 태아 사망이 높았다(19% vs 2.5%, P=0.025). 신생아 집중 치료실에 입원한 쌍생아는 단일 융모막 쌍생아가 이 융모막 쌍생아보다(31% vs 16%, P=0.042) 빈도가 높았다. 그리고 단일 융모막 쌍생아가 뇌실 주변 백색 연화증(7% vs 0%; P=0.031), Surfactant를 투여한 신생아호흡곤란 증후군(27% vs 11%; P=0.049)의 빈도가 높았다. 단일 융모막군에서 선택적 자궁 내 발육지연의 빈도는 21%였고 태아 간 수혈 증후군의 빈도는 9%이었다. 일측성 태아 사망은 쌍태아간 수혈 증후군에서는 9명중 6명(67%)이고 선택적 태아 발육부전군에서는 21명중에 4명(19%)으로 단순 단일 융모막군보다 유의하게 높았다(P<0.001). 신생아실에 입원한 빈도는 쌍태아 간 수혈증후군에서 92%, 선택적 태 아발육부전에서 42%로 단순 단일 융모막군의 22%보다 유의하게 높았으며(P=0.001) 입원기간 또한 유의하게 길었다(P=0.033). 그리고 뇌실 주변 백색 연화증 및 뇌실 내 출혈빈도인 경우에도 쌍태아간 수혈 증후군과 선택적 태아 발육부전군이 단순 단일 융모막군보다 유의하게 많았다(각각 P=0.011, P=0.007). 결 론 : 쌍태아 간 수혈 증후군이나 선택적 태아 발육부전이 있는 단일 융모막 쌍생아에서 신생아의 합병증이 높다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.114-120
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• 2018

Purpose: Routine screening for toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (TORCH) in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and small for gestational age (SGA) neonates has become a common practice. However, the incidence of TORCH varies across countries, and the cost of TORCH testing may be disadvantageous compared to disease-specific screening. To evaluate the efficacy of TORCH screening, the medical charts of IUGR or SGA neonates born in a single institution in Bucheon, Korea from 2011 to 2015 were reviewed. Methods: The clinical data of the 126 IUGR or SGA neonates were gathered, including gestational age, Apgar scores, neonatal sonographic findings, chromosome study, morbidities, developmental follow-up, and growth catch-up. Maternal factors including underlying maternal disease and fetal sonography were collected, and placental findings were recorded when available. TORCH screening was done using serum IgM, CMV urine culture, quantification of CMV DNA with real-time polymerase chain reaction, and rapid plasma reagin qualitative test for syphilis. Tests were repeated only for those with positive results. Results: Of the 119 TORCH screenings, only one was positive for toxoplasmosis IgM. This result was deemed false positive due to negative IgM on repeated testing and the absence of clinical symptoms. Conclusion: Considering the incidence and risk of TORCH in Korea, the financial burden of TORCH screening, and the single positive TORCH finding in our study, we suggest disease-specific screening based on maternal history and the clinical symptoms of the neonate. Regarding CMV, which may present asymptomatically, universal screening may be appropriate upon cost-benefit analysis.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.649-656
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• 2021

본 연구는 태아의 자궁 내 성장제한을 평가하는 변수로 소뇌횡직경과 복부둘레비(TCD/AC ratio)의 적절성을 평가하고자 하였다. 2019년 4월부터 2021년 3월까지 부산소재 I 병원에서 정기검진으로 초음파를 실시한 784명의 임산부를 대상으로 진행하였으며 소뇌횡직경과 복부둘레 측정값을 통해 후향적으로 분석하였다. 단순회귀분석에서 임신주수에 소뇌횡직경은 97.2%, 복부둘레는 97.5%의 영향력을 보였으며(p<0.001) 정상태아의 TCD/AC ratio는 임신주수에 상관없이 13.2로 결정되었다. 또한 빈도분석을 통해 임신주수 그룹별 TCD/AC ratio의 백분위수를 산출하였으며 자궁 내 성장제한 예측의 95 백분위수는 14.2로 나타났다. 결과적으로 TCD/AC ratio는 태아의 정상적인 성장을 평가하고 IUGR을 예측하는 유용한 변수로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.