• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.15 no.2 s.38
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• pp.77-87
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• 1991

The purpose of this study were to investigate the bed climate and the physiological responses in sleep on the traditional Korean floor heating system called Ondol. Ondol has been the most widely used heating system in Korea, yet there has been a no systematic studies examined its environmental effects on human body. Experimental room was constructed to match the typical thermal environment of Ondol. (floor surface temperature; $32\~33^{\circ}C$, air temperature; $22.5{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, relative humidity; $64.0{\pm}4.0\%$RH, air velocity; 0.25 m/sec.) Three different combinations of bedclothes were chosen for the experiment based on the study results showing that they were the most widely used types in Korea. Type 1 was the combination of a cotton-padded mattress with a cotton-padded Korean style blanket. Type 2 was a cotton-padded mattress with a cotton-guilted Korean style blanket. Type 3 was a cotton-padded matless with a polyacryl blanket. Thermal resistance of each of these combina-tions in the bedclothes was measured using thermal manikin. Two adult female was chosen for the seven hour sleeping experiment which was known to be the average sleeping hours of Korean adult female. The bed climate was measured with the temperature under the mattress, the surface temper-ature of the mattress, and the air temperature and the relative humidity of the space between the mattress and blanket. The skin temperature, rectal temperature of the subjects and the bed climate were measured eight times, one hour before the experiment and every hour during the experiment. The weight loss and the subjective sensation were measured for the each subjects before and after the experiment. The procedure was repeated twice with two subjects and three types of bedclothes, yielding twelve combinations of results. The results were as follows; 1. With the surface temperature of $32\~33^{\circ}C$ of Ondol, air temperature was $22.5{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ with $64.0{\pm}4.0\%$ RH. The bed climates were $39.2{\pm}40.8^{\circ}C$ under the mattress, $35.3\~36.2^{\circ}C$ on the mattress, and $26.9\~32.0^{\circ}C$ with $56.0\~71.3\%$ RH between the mattress and the blanket. 2. Mean skim temperature during sleep was 34.2"C with local skin temperature of $34.0\~35.5^{\circ}C$. The skin temperatures of abdomen, thigh, foot were higher than the other parts of the body. 3. The skin temperature of chest, thigh, leg and back varied significantly according to the combinations of bedclothes. With the cotton-padded blanket, the skin temperature was the highest, while with the cotton-guilted blanket showed lowest. 4. Examining the relationship between the mean skin temperature and the local skin temper-ature, the chest temperature showed the highest correlation with the former. Therefore, the chest temperature can be recommended to represent the skin temperature in measuring the bed climate. 5. The subjective bed climates were $39.0\~40.4^{\circ}C$ under the mattress, $35.2\~35.9^{\circ}C$ on the mattress, $29.8\~31.6^{\circ}C$ with $56.8\~68.4\%$ RH between the mattress and blanket. In sum, from this experiment we not only obtained the reliable value of bed climates on Ondol, but also showed that the bed climates and the physiological responses were affected differently according to the materials of bed clothes.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 1982

The variability of rice productivity during last 2 decades (1961-1980) of ten years before and after the introduction of"Tongil" was reviewed from the epochal, regional and varietal points of view. During that period the cultivated area of paddy rice have remained almost unchanged, while the total rice production have got elevated from 3, 463 million metric tons in 1961 to 6.006 million metric tons in 1977, recording 73.4% increase. This remarkable increase in rice production is considered to be attributable much to the development and release of new high yielding variety, "Tongil", coupled with the amelioration of cultural techniques. However, in 1978 Tongil type varieties experienced the epidemic outbreak of blast disease due to the shifted race population of blast fungus and in 1980 recorded poor rice production as low as in 1960's due to the unfavorable weather stress throughout the rice growing season, giving rise to many problems awaiting solutions for securing the stabilized high production of rice. The rice yield has continued the gradual increase during last two decades but its difference between farmer and research organization have got wider from 79kg/10a during 1960 to 1971 to 101kg/l0a during 1972 to 1980, and also the inter-regional differences have been increased from 50-60kg/10a to 80kg/10a during those periods. Therefore, this proves that we have raised the upper boundary of rice yield by increasing the yield potential of rice variety but have not changed those absolute deviations. Estimates indicate that the increased rice production during that period was indebted 40 percent to the varietal improvement and 13 percent to the ameliorated agro-technologies, and the rest, 47 percent, could be ascribed to the other factors besides varieties and cultural technologies such as the improved agricultural environments, etc. Of course, even though it cannot be expected to unify the cultural environments and the cultural technologies, provided that much efforts are to be endeavored to minimize the yield difference of 20 percent between farmer and research organizations and the inter-regional yield difference of 20 percent, much increased rice production can be expected to be achieved with the current level of cultural technology and the yielding potential of the present rice varieties. In order to expedite the above effects on rice production the followings are to be put into practices consitently and steadfastly. 1. Reinforcement of breeding for varieties with high yielding potential and less susceptible to climatic-stress and pests, and of basic physicoecological studies of rice plant for improving the cultural technologies. 2. Continuous endeavor to secure the stabilized cultural environments by improving the soil fertility and increasing the drainage and irrigation facilities. 3. Political back-up to encourage the farmers' incentives for production 4. Precise surveys for agricultural statistics to facilitate the long-term planninge long-term planning.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.3
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• pp.99-107
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• 1965

Thirteen varieties of hemp, Cannabinus sativa L., consisting of four Italian, one Japanese and eight local varieties were used in the study on the fiber content and a satisfactory selection for the higher-fiber-yielding plants. In addition, the relationship among fiber contents at the ball setting stage, and at the maturity stage, primary fiber content, and total fiber content were determined. The results of the study are summarized as follow: 1. Fiber weight of the matured male plant expressed as percentage of the fiber weight to dried stems varied from 12.09 to 26.71 percent for the Italian varieties, 14.25% for the Japanese variety and ranged from 6.59 to 16.79 for the local varieties. It was shown that on the average, Italian varieties contained more fiber compared with the other varieties. 2. On the same basis, the average percent age of fiber for Italian male plants was 20.77 while it was 20.96 for female plants. For the Japanese variety, similar figures were 14.24 for male plants and 15.43 for female plants. By comparison, the average percent fiber for the male plants of Korean varieties was only 10.34 but averaged 16.79 for female plants. In this experiment, female plants contained a greater percentage of fiber than male plants. 3. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between fiber content at the ball setting stage and fiber content of the mature plant. The correlation coefficient was r=0.942＊＊, while the regression equation was Y=0.28+1.03X. These data indicate that plant. selection by early testing at the ball setting stage is an effective method for the improvement of fiber content. 4. The correlation between primary fiber content and total fiber content was r=0.913＊＊, with a regression equation of Y=12.01+1.20X. It should thus be possible to obtain plants of higher total fiber content at maturity by the selection of plants which have a higher content of primary fiber at the ball setting stage. 5. From a study of the transverse sections from the hemp plant it was shown that Italian varieties have wide bands of primary and secondary fibers with narrow areas of woody material, while both Korean local varieties and Japanese varieties have narrow bands of primary and secondary fiber and wide areas of woody material. For hemp improvement, it is certain that a variety which has a narrow area of woody substances and wide area of fiber in its stem should be selected.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.304-310
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• 1981

In order to observe the degree and response of drought-resistance and its physiological mechanism in barley and wheat, 5 species (16 cultivars) were tested for changes in plant height, seedling dry weight, chlorophyll content, leaf relative turgidity, soluble protein, reducing sugar and growth of seedling subjected to water stress by withholding watering for 8 days at 10 days (at the 3rd leaf stage) after emergence. The average rate of decrease of all cultivars was 15% in plant height, 24% in seedling dry weight, 32% in chlorophyll content, 27% in leaf relative turgidity, and 27% in protein. But reducing sugar content of control was increased 4 folds more than that of water stress. In the decreased rate of seedling dry weight of each cultivar, rye was shown to be lowest rate, and Baegdong, Mokpo #55, and 3 two-row barley were shown to be the highest rate. The degree of the decreased rate in 5 species was in the order of rye < < wheat < covered barley < naked barley < two-row barley. in the decreased rate of chlorophyll content, rye, Cheonggaemil and Olmil are the lowest group, and the highest one are Milyang #12, Bangsa #6, Hyangmaeg and Sacheon #4. In the decreased rate of leaf relative turgidity, the lowest group (22-25%) were rye, Cheonggaemil and Dongbori #1, and, on the other hand, the highest group (30-33%) were Baegdong and 3 two-row barley. In the decreased rate of soulble protein, the lowest group (14-17%) were Chogwang, Geurumil, Dongbori #1, and Mokpo #55, and the highest one was 3 two-row barley. The increased ratio of reducing sugar of water stress to control was 4 to 5 folds in rye and wheat, and about 2 folds in naked barley and 3 two-row barley. The degree of the increased ratio of 5 species was in the order of rye > wheat > covered barley > naked barley > two-row barley. In terms of the physiological and adaptive metabolism during the processing leading to drought-resistance, the degree of drought-resistance of 5 species to water stress at seedling stage was shown to be in the order of rye > wheat > covered barley > naked barley > two-row-barley.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.110-114
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• 1981

These experiments were carried out to define the effects of NAA, 2, 4-D and Benzyladenine on the callus induction and the organ differentiation from the explants and to find out the vegetative propagation method of Korean ginseng. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. NAA was significantly effective in forming roots from the ginseng stem segment and the number of roots was increased by increasing NAA concentration in the medium. The roots were formed from both distal and proximal ends of the ginseng stem segments grown on the medium containing more than 2mg/L of NAA. 2. The amount of callus growth increased proportionatly with NAA concentration in the range of 4.0mg per liter in the medium. The callus was easly induced from stem segment than leaf segment and 2, 4-D was more effective in callus induction and growth than NAA. 3. The benzyladenine showed the significant inhibition effect in forming roots from ginseng explant. The callus was not induced with BA alone, but in BA and 2, 4-D or BA and NAA added medium, the callus was easily induced and its growth was also accelerated. The interaction effects between 2, 4-D and BA on the callus induction and growth were significantly higher than those between NAA and BA. 4. As the ginseng embryos were cultured on the M.S. medium supplemented with 2mg per liter NAA, number of shoots was significantly increased and the percentage of embryo which had shown more than 4 shoots later was 22.2%. On the medium containing 8mg per liter NAA, the ginseng embryo showed the normal growth of shoots and leaves, but increased roots and callus induction on the basal part of shoots. 5. When the shoots with 3 leaflets were cut in 1.5cm long and grown on the Blayde's medium containing NAA 1.0mg per liter, roots were formed at the proximal end of shoot, and a new ginseng seedling was successfully obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.6 s.165
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• pp.837-847
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• 2007

1,098 pieces of photographs($1995{\sim}2002$) of men's suit style have been classified according to fashion images in order to examine features and change aspects with statistical analysis. The findings of examining features of the trend by year with test of homogeneity, correspondence analysis, biplots, correlation analysis and regression analysis are as follows: (a) there are significant differences on fashion images as the trend by yew with test of homogeneity, (b) there are remarkable differences on the fashion trend by year with correspondence analysis and biplots. (c) There are significant correlations for appearance among fashion images by its frequency through correlation analysis, and (d) it is assumed that fashion images are going to be gradually outstanding according to regression analysis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2010

A high sugar rice cultivar 'Danmi' which has been recently developed and released in the Functional Crop Resource Development Division, Department of Functional Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, has high glucose and sucrose contents but has a poor seed development. This defect poses some problem in ensuring stable seedling establishment in the nursery bed. We examined the germination and seedling emergence characteristics of 'Danmi' and determined an optimum seeding rate for seedling establishment. 'Danmi' seeds has a light 1,000-grain weight of 18.2g compared with Ilmibyeo's 26.7g. The 97.4% of 'Danmi' seeds has specific gravity below 1.0 while only 2.0% of seeds was fully developed with specific gravity above 1.12. However, the reverse is true in the Ilmibyeo seed used as a control cultivar. Although the seed germination of Danmi was 89-91% regardless of seed specific gravity but at a slower rate than Ilmibyeo regardless of water soaking temperatures of $20-30^{\circ}C$ because of high seed amount of specific gravity below 1.0 in 'Danmi'. It took 2～4 days longer of seed soaking in the Danmi seeds than Ilmibyeo before germination. 'Danmi' has low normal seedling emergence rate than Ilmibyeo in the seedbed soil due to high percentage of abnormal seedlings like stunting and incomplete growth. Normal seedling emergence rate of 'Danmi' in the seedbed was 62.6～64.9% for 10-day old seedling and 83.5～86.7% for 30-day old seedling which is lower by 29.6～30.0% and 11.3～12%, respectively than Ilmibyeo. Although 'Danmi' has low normal seedling emergence rate, but it has greater seed number per weight basis. Therefore, based on the normal seedling number per unit area of Ilmibyeo(control cultivar) for seedling rate of 10-day and 30-day old seedlings, the recommended seeding rate of 'Danmi' for transplanting rice is 220g seeds for 10-day old seedling and 130g for 30-day old seedling per nursery box, which is equivalent to 1.5 times seed volumes of Ilmibyeo.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.376-381
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• 2008

Anthocyanin contents of black soybean were analyzed for development of superior breeding lines with high anthocyanin contents. Total 292 genotypes of black soybean collected through the whole country were analyzed by HPLC in which C3G (Cyanidin-3-Glucoside), D3G (Delphinidin-3-glucoside), and Pt3G (Petunidin-3-Glucoside) were detected main anthocyanin pigments and each pigment contents were significantly different according to genotypes. C3G content showed the highest value in all materials and its variation was also wide, whereas D3G and Pt3G were not detected in 4 and 24 genotypes. Mean value of C3G, D3G, and Pt3G contents were $8.05{\pm}4.225$, $1.80{\pm}0.854$, and $1.15{\pm}0.781\;mg/g$, respectively. In case collected sites, genotypes collected in Chungnam region were higher the anthocyanin contents than other collections, which was $13.75{\pm}3.861\;mg/g$. It might be concluded that it takes more than 36 days for anthocyanin accumulation since beginning of seed-coat pigments formation, in that case it showed $13.09{\pm}4.190\;mg/g.$. Also total anthocyanin contents were present higher concentration in seed coat as maturation period was longer from flowering stage.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.263-269
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• 2006

To evaluate the potentiality of industrial use of cysteine proteinase inhibitor (cystatin) of tilapia egg and serum stability of the tilapia cystatin on low temperature storage and heat treatment was studied. When the eggs were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 3 days the cystatin activity was not changed much, while the supernatant of egg homogenate lost its cystatin activity significantly, remaining only about 65% of initial activity. When the eggs and serum were subjected to repeated freeze at $-20^{\circ}C$ and thaw at room temperature once a day, the egg cystatin was decreased after 5 cycles of freeze and thaw. However the serum cystatin was not changed by the 5 times repetition of freeze and thaw. More than 80% of egg cystatin activity was remained when the egg was heated at $35^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, but less than 10% was remained when heated at $50^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, the serum cystatin was very resistant to heat, remaining about 74% after heating at as high as $80^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. In summary, the egg cystatin was more stable when stored as intact form of egg rather than as supernatant of homogenate when stored at refrigeration. Egg cystatin was relatively stable against repeated freeze-thaw, and serum was found to be more stable in cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity than egg. Egg cystatin was not very resistant to heat treatment, while serum cystatin was quite resistant to high temperature heat treatment. These results suggest that tilapia egg and serum, especially the serum, would be a useful source for cysteine proteinase inhibitor in surimi production.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.414-421
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• 2019

Pod shattering during the maturing stage causes a serious yield loss in soybean. It is the main limiting factor of soybean cultivation and mechanization. It is important to develop varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting and to develop energy-efficient agricultural machinery to save labor and costs. 'Daewonkong,' developed by the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 1997, is an elite cultivar that occupies more than 80% of the soybean cultivation area in Korea because of its strong tolerance to pod shattering. The objectives of this study were to investigate the variation in pod shattering degree in a RIL population developed from a 'Daewonkong' parent and to select promising lines with pod shattering tolerance. 'Daewonkong' demonstrated a high level of tolerance to pod shattering compared to the 'Tawonkong' and 'Saeolkong' varieties, with no shattered pods after 72 hours of drying. Screening of pod shattering showed a clear distinction between the tolerant and susceptible varieties. Also, the distribution of shattering pod ratio in the two populations showed a similar pattern for three years. The promising lines with pod shattering tolerance included 27 lines in the 'Daewonkong'×'Tawonkong' population and 21 lines in the 'Daewonkong'×'Saeolkong' population. The promising lines are expected to be widely used as breeding parents for creating soybean cultivars with pod shattering tolerance.