• 대한한의학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.67-84
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• 2008

Objective : The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jasinwhalhyul-tang (Zishenhuoxue-tang, JWT) on MRL/MpJ-Ipr/Ipr mouse model with systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods: The effect of JWT on MRL/MpJ-Ipr/Ipr mice that have autoimmune disease similar to SLE in humans was evaluated after JWT per oral in the present study. Mice were administered with Jasinwhalhyul-tang (Zishenhuoxue-tang, JWT) (80 or 400mg/kg) or distilled water for control group from experimental week 10 for 22 weeks. Results : The amount of erythematosus skin lesion and proteinuria were significantly decreased. The size and weight of cervical lymph nodes and spleen were significantly reduced. The ratio between activated $CD3^+CD69^+$ T-cells and undifferentiated $CD3^+CD4^-CD8^-$ T-cells in lymph nodes, spleen and kidney was effectively reduced. The gene expression of TGF-$\beta$ in spleen and kidney was increased. The amount of anti-dsDNA IgG in blood was decreased. The gene expression of TGF-$\beta$ in normal mouse spleen cells was increased depending on concentration by treatment of with T cell stimulating agent. In the histological examination of skin and kidney, the amount of infiltration of immune cells involved in the inflammatory response was decreased. Conclusions : According to the above results, JWT should be considered as an applicable therapeutic agent to SLE in clinical practice. Further research is required to investigate other efficacies of JWT on SLE.

• Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.420-428
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• 2023

Objective: Intraprocedural rupture (IPR) is a fatal complication of endovascular coiling for cerebral aneurysms. We hypothesized that contrast leakage period may be related to poor clinical outcomes. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the relationship between clinical outcomes and contrast leakage period. Methods: Data from patients with cerebral aneurysms treated via endovascular coiling between January 2010 and October 2018 were retrospectively assessed. The enrolled patient's demographic data, the aneurysm related findings, endovascular treatment and IPR related findings, rescue treatment, and clinical outcome were analyzed. Results: In total, 2,859 cerebral aneurysms were treated using endovascular coiling during the study period, with IPR occurring in 18 (0.63 %). IPR occurred during initial frame coiling (n=4), coil packing (n=5), stent deployment (n=7), ballooning (n=1), and microcatheter removal after coiling (n=1). Tear sites included the dome (n=14) and neck (n=4). All IPRs were controlled and treated with coil packing, with or without stenting. Flow arrest of the proximal balloon was not observed. Temporary focal neurological deficits developed in two patients (11.1%). At clinical follow-up, 14 patients were classified as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0, three as mRS 2, and one as mRS 4. The mean contrast leakage period of IPR was 11.2 min (range: 1-31 min). Cerebral aneurysms with IPR were divided into late (n=9, mean time: 17.11 min) and early (n=9, mean time: 5.22 min) control groups based on the criteria of 10 min of contrast leakage period. No significant between-group differences regarding clinical outcomes were observed after IPR (p=1). Conclusions: In our series, all patients with IPR were controlled with further coil packing or stenting without proximal balloon occlusion within 31 min of contrast leakage. There was no difference in clinical outcomes when the long contrast leakage period group and short contrast leakage period group were compared.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2017

Fungicide-resistant Alternaria alternata impede the practical control of the Alternaria diseases in crop fields. This study aimed to investigate cytological fungicide resistance mechanisms of A. alternata against dicarboximide fungicide iprodione. A. alternata isolated from cactus brown spot was cultured on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) with or without iprodione, and the fungal cultures with different growth characteristics from no, initial and full growth were observed by light and electron microscopy. Mycelia began to grow from one day after incubation (DAI) and continued to be in full growth (control-growth, Con-G) on PDA without fungicide, while on PDA with iprodione, no fungal growth (iprodione-no growth, Ipr-N) occurred for the first 3 DAI, but once the initial growth (iprodione-initial growth, Ipr-I) began at 4-5 DAI, the colonies grew and expanded continuously to be in full growth (iprodione-growth, Ipr-G), suggesting Ipr-I may be a turning moment of the morphogenetic changes resisting fungicidal toxicity. Con-G formed multicellular conidia with cell walls and septa and intact dense cytoplasm. In Ipr-N, fungal sporulation was inhibited by forming mostly undeveloped unicellular conidia with degraded and necrotic cytoplasm. However, in Ipr-I, conspicuous cellular changes occurred during sporulation by forming multicellular conidia with double layered (thickened) cell walls and accumulation of proliferated lipid bodies in the conidial cytoplasm, which may inhibit the penetration of the fungicide into conidial cells, reducing fungicide-associated toxicity, and may be utilized as energy and nutritional sources, respectively, for the further fungal growth to form mature colonies as in Ipr-G that formed multicellular conidia with cell walls and intact cytoplasm with lipid bodies as in Con-G.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.262-267
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• 2006

Increased application of glyphosate (Gly) in glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean cropping systems may affect rhizospheric microorganisms including IAA-producing rhizobacteria (IPR) and their effect on the growth of soybean. This field experiment was conducted to assess IPR populations in the rhizosphere of GR soybean ('Roundup-Ready' DeKalb DKB38-52) treated with glyphosate and foliar amendment treatments such as $PT21^{(R)}$ (urea solution with N 21 %) and $Grozyme^{(R)}$ (Biostimulant: mixtures of micro nutrients and enzymes). Effects of herbicide, sampling date, and their interaction on total bacterial numbers were significant (P < 0.001, 0.001, 0.013, respectively). Total bacteria (TB) numbers were increased with glyphosate treatment at 20 d after application and highest TB populations were associated with $Grozyme^{(R)}$ application, possibly due to the additional substrate from this product. The IPR of the soybean rhizosphere was significantly affected by herbicide, sampling date, and the herbicide*foliar amendment interaction. The ratios of numbers of IPR to TB ranged from 0.79 to 0.99 across the sampling dates irrespective of treatments. IPR numbers were slightly hindered by glyphosate application regardless of foliar amendment.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.246-252
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• 2002

목적 : 전리 방사선에 의해 유도되는 세포의 apoptosis에서 Fas:Fas ligand 상호 작용의 역할이 보고되고 있다. 본 연구는 Fas 변이를 보이는 Ipr 마우스를 이용하여 in vivo에서 Fas의 발현이 전리 방사선에 의해 유도되는 apoptosis에서 어떤 역할을 하는지 조사하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : Fas의 변이를 보이는 $MRL/Mpj-Fas^{Ipr}$ 마우스와 이의 대조군으로서 MRL/Mpj 마우스를 대상으로 하였다. 마우스는 8주령 웅성으로서 이들에게 전신 방사선을 조사하고 일정 시간 후 비장을 적출하였다. 조직을 hematoxylin-eosin 염색하여 apoptosis 유도 수준을 비교 분석하였다. 또한 apoptosis의 조절 물질인 p53, Bcl-2, Bax, $Bcl-X_L,\;Bcl-X_S$에 대하여 Western blotting을 시행하고 발현수준을 densitometry로 분석하여 관련된 기전을 연구하였다. 결과 : 25 Gy 방사선 조사 후 MRL/Mpj 마우스는 8시간째에 apoptosis가 최대로 많이 일어났고 24시간째에 거의 정상 수준에 가깝게 회복이 되었다. 반면 $MRL/Mpj-Fas^{Ipr}$ 마우스에서는 4시간째에 apoptosis가 최대로 많이 일어났고 8시간째부터 회복되기 시작하였다. MRL/Mpj 마우스의 경우 apoptosis의 최대 유도 수준은 25 Gy 조사 후 8시간째에 $52.3{\pm}7.8%$이었으나, $MRL/Mpj-Fas^{Ipr}$ 마우스는 같은 시간대에 $8.0{\pm}8.6\%$로서 $MRL/Mpj-Fas^{Ipr}$ 마우스에서 apoptosis의 유도 수준이 유의하게 대조군 보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 유전물질의 발현에서 25 Gy 방사선 조사후 MRL/Mpj 마우스에서는 p53은 1시간부터 증가를 보여 8시간째에 최대치인 3배를 보였으며, $Bcl-A_L$과 $Bcl-X_S$은 1시간부터 증가를 보여 12시간째에 각각 최대치인 3.3배, 3배를 보였다. 그러나 Bcl-2와 Bax는 뚜렷한 증감을 보이지 않았다. MRL/Mpj 마우스에서 p53, $Bcl-X_L$ 및 $Bcl-X_S$ 등의 발현이 방사선에 의하여 유의하게 증가한 데 반하여 $MRL/Mpj-Fas^{Ipr}$ 마우스에서는 p53, Bcl-2, $Bcl-X_L,\;Bcl-X_S$ 및 Bax 등 분석한 유전자 산물 어느 것도 뚜렷한 증감을 보이지 않았다. 결론 : Fas의 변이가 있는 Ipr 마우스에서 방사선에 의한 apoptosis가 대조군보다 현저하게 낮게 나타났고 이는 방사선에 의한 p53의 유도가 미약한 것과 연관된 것으로 나타났다. 방사선에 의한 apoptosis 유도에 Fas의 역할이 매우 중요한 것으로 보인다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.165-188
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• 2008

Some developed countries have already long been adapted to these changes in the international economic environment would improve productivity rather than traditional technology based on more high value-added business and increased investment. IPR protection is not just a national interest in the creation and growth of dimensions beyond the country's national competitiveness and a driving force to decide whether to challenge the core of the matter. Therefore, the importance of IPR in the country to raise awareness of IPR protection, and for systematic and comprehensive policy that will continue to be prepared.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.891-900
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• 2019

본 연구는 2006년~2014년 매년 행해진 「기업활동조사」 데이터를 활용해서 기업의 수출을 통한 학습 가설을 검증하고 지식재산권의 활용이 수출에 미치는 영향을 실증한다. 실증분석에 활용한 「기업 활동조사」는 6,144개 기업을 9년에 걸쳐 설문한 총 55,281개 샘플을 포함하고 있다. 데이터는 샘플의 특성으로 기업의 종업원수와 같은 규모에 관한 정보와 종사 산업분야, 수출액, 보유 혹은 활용 지식재산권 수, 외부 혁신활동에 대한 정보를 포함하고 있다. 우선 가설 1에 대한 실증을 통해 본 연구는 기업이 수출활동에 종사하는 여부가 지식재산권의 생산으로 대변되는 기업의 혁신에 연관된다는 결과를 도출했다. 수출을 통한 혁신을 확인할 수 있었다. 다음으로 가설 2에 대한 검증을 통해 본 연구는 연구개발과 지식재산권의 활용이 수출성과에 양의 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인했다. 수출기업은 해외시장에 진출해서 경쟁하기 위해 새로운 제품과 공정을 개발함으로써 더 높은 수출성과를 올린다. 또한 수출기업은 지식재산권 활용을 통해 해외시장에서 혁신성과를 전유한다.

• Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.182-188
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• 2023

Objective: To report our experience with intraprocedural rupture (IPR) of intracranial aneurysms during endovascular treatment and evaluate alterations in vital signs as independent prognostic factors to predict the outcomes of IPR. Methods: Between January 2008 and August 2021, 34 patients (8 ruptured and 26 unruptured) were confirmed to have IPR based on our dataset with 3178 endovascular coiling procedures. The patients who underwent additional surgeries related to IPR were classified as the OP group (n=9), while those who did not receive additional surgeries were classified as the non-OP group (n=25). Vital signs were recorded during the procedure by anesthesiologists and analyzed. Results: Of the 34 patients included in this study, eight initially presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured aneurysm. The clinical outcomes at discharge were significantly different between the two groups (p=0.046). In the OP group, five patients showed favorable outcomes at discharge, while four showed unfavorable outcomes. In the non-OP group, 23 patients showed favorable outcomes at discharge while two patients showed unfavorable outcomes. Maximal (MAX) systolic blood pressure (SBP) (odds ratio [OR] 1.520, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.084-2.110; p=0.037) and higher differential value MAX-median blood pressure (MBP) (OR 1.322, 95% CI 1.029-1.607; p=0.044) remained independent risk factors for poor prognosis after IPR on multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: The MAX SBP and the difference between the maximal and baseline values of MBP are key factors in predicting the prognosis of patients after IPR, as well as providing useful information for predicting the outcome. Further research is required to confirm the relationship between naive pressure and prognosis.

• 한국통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국통신학회 2006년도 하계종합학술발표회 논문 초록집
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• pp.481-481
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• 2006

• TTA 저널
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• 통권77호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2001

기술정보를 모두에게 공유하게 하는 정보통신 표준과 특정인의 지적 재산을 보호하려는 IPR(Intellectual Property Right)의 관계는 정보화 사회가 가속됨에 따라 그 갈등이 더욱 심화되고 있다. 이에 국제 선진 표준화기구의 IPR 정책을 소개하여 각 기구의 동향을 살펴보고 우리가 나아가야 할 방향을 찾고자 한다. 이번 호에는 ETSI(European Telecommunication Standards Institute)의 Directive 별지6 ''ETSI 지적재산권 정책''을 소개한다.