• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1989

Coprecipitates of ibuprofen (IPF)-sodium deoxycholate (DC-Na) were prepared at various mixing ratios of IPF to DC-Na. X-ray diffraction measurments indicated that IPF in 1:3 and 1:5 IPF-DC-Na coprecipitate did not exist in the crystal form, however in the 1:8 coprecipitate, IPF remained its crystalline form. The dissolution rate was tested in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer by the paddle method of dissolution test of KP V. The dissolution rates of IPF from 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:8 and 1:10(w/w) IPF-DC-Na coprecipitates and physical mixtures were compared with that of IPF alone. It was found that the dissolution rate of 1:5(w/w) coprecipitate was greater than that of pure IPF, coprecipitate and physical mixture at any other ratios of the two components. The concentration of IPF released from the IPF-DC-Na coprecipitates reached a plateau within 10 min, and thereafter gradually decreased indicating that IPF released from the coprecipitate was recrystallized due to the transient supersaturation.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.1105-1110
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• 2008

An experimental study was performed to control Ice Packing Factor (IPF) of ice slurry in a pipe in a real time. This paper presented the concept that IPF can be adjusted by the amount of the solution contained to ice slurry. Based on this concept, we designed IPF controller consisting of the outlet tube providing ice slurry and the upper tube discharging only a solution through holes, and investigated the technical validity and efficiency of the controller experimentally. As a result, the original proposed IPF controller could not control IPF of ice slurry in a pipe. This is because an ice of ice slurry was drained out into not only the outlet but also the upper of the controller due to the size of the holes relatively large compared to the ice particle. Therefore, we changed the hole size of IPF controller surface using fine meshes and then, observed that IPF in a pipe was increased by $4{\sim}7$ percent when the hole size was $80{\mu}m$ and less.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.73 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2012

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease. Effective treatment is not currently available and the prognosis is poor. The aim of our study was to identify clinical predictors of survival in patients with IPF. Methods: By using medical record database of a university hospital, we reviewed the records of patients who had been diagnosed as having IPF from January 1996 through December 2007. Results: Among 89 patients considered as having interstitial lung disease (ILD) on computed tomography (CT) of the chest, 22 were excluded because of the diagnosis of other ILDs or connective tissue disease, and finally, 67 met the criteria of IPF. The mean age at the diagnosis of IPF was 70 years (range, 41~87 years) and 43 (64%) were male. The mean survival time following the diagnosis of IPF was 40 months (range, 0~179 months). Among them, 28 cases were diagnosed as the progressive state of IPF on the follow-up CT examination, and the mean duration between diagnosis of IPF and progression was 31 months. Multivariate analysis using Cox regression model revealed that body mass index (BMI) less than 18.5 $kg/m^2$ (p=0.030; hazard ratio [HR], 12.085; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.277~114.331) and CT progression before 36 months from the diagnosis of IPF (p=0.042; HR, 13.564; 95% CI, 1.101~167.166) were independently associated with mortality. Conclusion: Since low BMI at the diagnosis of IPF and progression on follow-up CT were associated with poor prognosis, IPF patients with low BMI and/or progression before 36 months following the diagnosis should be closely monitored.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.825-832
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• 2008

The ice slurry maker which can produce the ice slurry well for the ice particle in-flowing condition was revised. We removed the stagnant region at the top of the ice slurry maker, and IPF 40% could be realized. The IPF controller with 6 mm diameter holes at the bottom was designed. But the IPF controller with only 6 mm diameter holes could not control IPF in a pipe. This is because the ice particles at ice slurry flow exist homogeneously not only at the upper part but also at the bottom part. We changed the hole size of IPF controller surface using fine meshes and then, IPF in a pipe was increased by 70% when the hole size was $80{\mu}m$ and less.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.391-397
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• 2002

Pressure drop were experimentally investigated for ice slurry flowing in the acrylic pipes with inner diameter of 24 mm. Ice slurry was made from 6.5% ethylene glycol-water solution, and the pipes is consisted of horizontal, vertical (upward and downward) and $90^{\circ}$ elbow pipe. The ice Packing factor (IPF) and the flow rate of the experiments were varied from 0 to 30% and from 5 to 70kg/min respectively The measured pressure drop in various pipe positions were compared with those for the solution flow (IPF=0). The pressure drop was larder than that for solution flows as the IPF increased when the flow rate was low or very high. Sharp increases in pressure drop were observed for the cases when IPF is more than 70% in horizontal and vertical pipes, whereas the pressure drop increased with the IPF simultaneously in an elbow pipe.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.234-239
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• 2010

Heat transfer characteristics were experimentally investigated for ice slurry which was made from 6.5% ethylene glycol-water solution flowing in the circular pipe. The test section was made of a copper tube of 13.84 mm inner diameter and 1,500 mm length. The ice slurry was heated by passing hot water through an annulus surrounding the test section. The ice packing factor(IPF) and the mass flux of the experiments were varied from 0 to 25% and from 1,000 to 3,000 kg/$m^2s$ respectively at a fixed hot water temperature and flow rate. The measured heat transfer rates increase with the mass flow rate and IPF; however the effect of IPF appears to be minor at high mass flow rate. At the low mass flow rate condition, a sharp increases in the heat transfer coefficient was observed when the IPF was above 15 ~ 20%. And finally the measured heat transfer coefficients were compared with those calculated from the correlations.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.272-279
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• 2003

This study aimed to understand the effects of transporting ice slurry Particles through Pipes with branches. The experimental apparatus was constructed as ice slurry mixing tank. vortex pump, manometers for differential pressure measuring. IPF(ice packing factor) measuring instruments and branches as test sections. The experiments were carried out under various conditions. with concentration of water solution ranging between 0∼20wt% and velocity of water solution at the entry ranging between 1.5∼2.5m/s. The differential Pressure and IPF between the pipe entry and exit were measured. and flowing form was checked throughout the experiment. The pressure loss in 3d branches appeared compared with 6d branches so that it was very high. In the pressure loss of the inside and outside of branches. 6d branches was showed the difference. but was agreed in 3d branches The pressure loss according to concentration of water solution, low value appeared at 10wt% in 6d branches, at 20wt% in 3d branches. The pressure loss according to velocity, did not show large difference. The change of IPF at outlet, appeared +15∼-25% in 6d branches and 0∼-20% in 3d branches. The difference of IPF at the inside and outside of branches. appeared 10∼15% in 6d branches and maximum 5% in 3d branches.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2005

Background : According to the 2002 consensus report of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) was classified as biopsy proven or probable IPF. Probable IPF is defined as those with distinctive features that allow for a confident diagnosis of IPF/usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) within an appropriate clinical setting. The determination of the clinical course of probable IPF, as diagnosed by the ATS/ERS criteria, was studied. Methods : Between March 1995 and August 2002, 36 patients with probable IPF, from two tertiary referral hospitals, were enrolled in this study. The clinical characteristics, prognostic factors and treatment efficacy of these patients were retrospectively evaluated. Results : The mean age of the subjects was $65{\pm}6$ years. The one and 3 year survival rates were 82.4 and 50.3%, respectively, and a median survival period of 42.0 months. The total cell count of bronchoalveolar lavage was higher in the death than the survival group (p<0.05). No survival benefits were found in the cytoxan and steroid treatment groups compared with other treatment groups. Conclusion : These results suggest that the clinical course of probable IPF may be similar to that of biopsy-proven UIP. However, atypical patients must undergo an open lung biopsy for confirmation of the diagnosis.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1088-1094
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• 2005

In the present paper, a new method is proposed for the measurement of the ice packing factor (IPF) of an ice slurry using the index of refraction. The purpose of the new method is to improve the resolution of the measurement and to increase its resistance to electric noise as compared to the standard IPF measurement technique that relies on measurement of the freezing temperature. These two methods are similar in that they both obtain a concentration of aqueous solution from measured physical quantities and calculate the IPF using a relation between concentration and IPF. We experimented and compared the two methods, whose results were also compared with results from the calorimeter method obtaining the IPF directly They are in good agreement (within $5\%$), which demonstrates the validity of the newly proposed method.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.40-51
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• 2024

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, fibrosing interstitial pneumonia with a very poor prognosis. Accurate diagnosis of IPF is essential for good outcomes but remains a major medical challenge due to variability in clinical presentation and the shortcomings of existing diagnostic tests. Medical history collection is the first and most important step in the IPF diagnosis process; the clinical probability of IPF is high if the suspected patient is 60 years or older, male, and has a history of cigarette smoking. Systemic assessment for connective tissue disease is essential in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected IPF to identify potential causes of interstitial lung disease (ILD). Radiologic examination using high-resolution computed tomography plays a pivotal role in the evaluation of patients with ILD, and prone and expiratory computed tomography images can be considered. If additional tests such as surgical lung biopsy or transbronchial lung cryobiopsy are needed, transbronchial lung cryobiopsy should be considered as an alternative to surgical lung biopsy in medical centers with experience performing this procedure. Diagnosis through multidisciplinary discussion (MDD) is strongly recommended as MDD has become the cornerstone for diagnosis of IPF, and the scope of MDD has expanded to monitoring of disease progression and suggestion of appropriate treatment options.