• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2023.11a
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• pp.68-69
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• 2023

Recently, decarbonization has been emphasized worldwide to cope with climate change, and carbon neutrality by 2050 has emerged as a global agenda. The domestic port authorities have been participating in the global agenda in line with the government regulations. Since 2010, when decarbonization has been regarded as an important assignment in ports, container terminal efficiency considering undesirable outputs such as Carbon dioxide has been analyzed. However, most previous studies measured carbon dioxide emissions according to the Tier 1 and it is a first time to analyze container terminal efficiency based on the Tier 3 presented in the IPCC guidelines. 17 domestic container terminal operators were considered as decision making units and DEA-SBM Model was used. Subsequently, Undesirable outputs model was conducted to calculate the environmental efficiency.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 2024

Recently, there has been a global emphasis on decarbonization in order to address climate change and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. In line with government regulations, domestic port authorities have also started participating in this global agenda. Since 2010, when decarbonization became an important task in ports, there have been studies analyzing the environmental efficiency of container terminals, taking into account undesirable outputs. However, most of these previous studies only measured carbon dioxide emissions based on Tier 1, whereas this study is the first to analyze the environmental efficiency of South Korea's container terminals based on Tier 3, as presented in the IPCC guidelines. The study considered 17 container terminal operators in South Korea as decision-making units and used the DEA-SBM Model. Subsequently, an Undesirable Outputs Model was conducted to calculate the environmental efficiency.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.195-209
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• 2012

There are four differentiated levels to quantify the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from a facility, which are Tier 1 to 4 based on the IPCC guidelines. In this study, the emission estimates from all tier levels were calculated to compare their total $CO_2$ emission results among themselves for seven facilities, including three sectors of electricity generation, municipal solid waste incineration, and cement manufacturing for three months between February and May 2011. Generally the measured $CO_2$ emissions by Tier 4 were higher than the calculated $CO_2$ emissions by Tier 3, which had been also observed for the power plants in the USA. It was found out that to obtain more reliable estimation for Tier 3, accurate analysis of the composition of the fuel used should be carried out. It was suggested that further refinement on the administrative guidelines be made to make it more robust.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.393-402
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• 2017

In this study, greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions from bioenergy (biogas, biomass) have been estimated in Korea, 2015. This study for construction of reduction inventories as direct and indirect reduction sources was derived from IPCC 2006 guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, guidelines for local government greenhouse inventories published in 2016, also purchased electricity and steam indirect emission factors obtained from KPX, GIR respectively. As a result, the annual GHG reductions were estimated as $1,860,000tonCO_{2eq}$ accounting for 76.8% of direct reduction (scope 1) and 23.2% of indirect reduction (scope 2). Estimation of individual greenhouse gases (GHGs) from biogas appeared that $CO_2$, $CH_4$, $N_2O$ were $90,000tonCO_2$ (5.5%), $55,000tonCH_4$ (94.5%), $0.3tonN_2O$ (0.004%), respectively. In addition, biomass was $250,000tonCO_2$ (107%), $-300tonCH_4$ (-3.2%), $-33tonN_2O$ (-3.9%). For understanding the values of estimation method levels, field data (this study) appeared to be approximately 85.47% compared to installed capacity. In details, biogas and biomass resulting from field data showed to be 76%, 74% compared to installed capacity, respectively. In the comparison of this study and CDM project with GHG reduction unit per year installed capacity, this study showed as 42% level versus CDM project. Scenario analysis of GHG reductions potential from bioenergy was analyzed that generation efficiency, availability and cumulative distribution were significantly effective on reducing GHG.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.729-737
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• 2020

This study estimates the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction resulting from photovoltaic and wind power technologies using a bottom-up approach for an indirect emission source (scope 2) in South Korea. To estimate GHG reductions from photovoltaic and wind power activities under standard operating conditions, methodologies are derived from the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories and the guidelines for local government greenhouse inventories of Korea published in 2016. Indirect emission factors for electricity are obtained from the 2011 Korea Power Exchange. The total annual GHG reduction from photovoltaic power (23,000 tons CO_2eq) and wind power (30,000 tons CO_2eq) was estimated to be 53,000 tons CO_2eq. The estimation of individual GHGs showed that the largest component is carbon dioxide, accounting for up to 99% of the total GHG. The results of estimation from photovoltaic and wind power were 63.60% and 80.22% of installed capacity, respectively. The annual average GHG reductions from photovoltaic and wind power per year per unit installed capacity (MW) were estimated as 549 tons CO_2eq/yr·MW and 647 tons CO_2eq/yr·MW, respectively. Finally, the results showed that the level of GHG reduction per year per installed capacity of photovoltaic and wind power is 62% and 42% compared to the CDM project, respectively.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.153-153
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• 2010

The world is moving towards a post-carbon society and needs clean and renewable energy for sustainable development. There are many methodological approaches which are helping this shift based on analyzed data about energy resources and which focus on limited types of energy including liquid fossil, solid fossil, gaseous fossil, and biomass (e.g. IPCC Guidelines, ISO 14064-1, WRI Protocol, etc.). We should also consider environmental impact (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions, water use, etc.) and the economic cost of the renewable energy to make a better decision. Recently, researchers have addressed the environmental impact of new technologies which include photovoltaics, wind turbines, hydroelectric power, and biofuel. In this work, we analyze the environmental impact with a carbon emission factor to present a correlation between $CO_2$ emission and the cost of energy resources standardized by the energy output. In addition, we reviewed Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as another methodology. Researchers who are studying energy systems have ignored the impacts of entire energy systems, e.g. the extraction and processing of fossil fuels. In power sector, the assessment should include extraction, processing, and transportation of fuels, building of power plants, production of electricity, and waste disposal. Therefore LCA could be more suitable tool for energy cost and environmental impact estimation.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.462-469
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• 2020

This study is proposing a System Dynamics Model for estimating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission from treating Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in South Korea for years 2000 to 2030. The government of country decided to decrease the total GHG emission from waste sector in 2030 as per Business-as-usual level. In context, four scenarios are generated to predict GHG emission from treating the MSW with three processes i.e., landfill, incineration and recycling. For prior step, MSW generation rate is projected for present and future case using population and waste generation per capita data. It is found that population and total MSW are directly correlated. The total population will increase to 56.27 million and total MSW will be 21.59 million tons in 2030. The methods for estimating GHG emission from landfill, incineration and recycling are adopted from IPCC, 2006 guidelines. The study indicates that Scenario 2 is best to adopt for decreasing the total GHG emission in future where recycling waste is increased to 75% and landfill waste is decreased to 7.6%. Lastly, it is concluded that choosing proper method for treating the MSW in country can result into savings of GHG emission.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2013

Studies on the regulation and measurement of greenhouse gases(GHGs) emissions have been carrying out for global wanning. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many countries have been promoting the Emissions Trading System and projects of the Joint Implementation(JI) and Clean Development Mechanism(CDM). These country's GHG emissions have been measured calculation criteria based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) Guidelines. In order to respond to GHGs regulation, in each country, it is planing to build a Low-Carbon City. The system has been developed for calculating GHGs emissions from companies and institutions in their respective countries. However, the system can monitor the GHGs per city, has not been developed. In this paper, it is studied to design the User Interface and to develop integrated monitoring program for Low-carbon city. This program will make possible monitoring and management, statistics, and reports written by using each data in units of cities.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 2012

The Government of South Korea has continued its effort to fixate virtuous circle of economic growth and climate change response to cope with international demands and pressure to commitment for greenhouse gas reduction effectively. Nationally, Korean Government has established "Enforcement of the Framework Act on Low carbon, Green Growth"(2010. 4. 13) to implement national mid-term GHG mitigation goal(30% reduction by 2020 compare to BAU), which established the foundation for phased GHG mitigation by setting up the sectoral and industrial goal, adopting GHG and Energy Target Management System. Also, follow-up measures are taken such as planning and control of mid-term and short-term mitigation target by detailed analysis of potential mitigation of sector and industry, building up the infrastructure for periodic and systematic analysis of target management. Likewise, it is required to establish more accurate, reliable and detailed sectoral GHG inventory for successfully establishment and implement the frame act. In comparison to the $CO_2$ emission, Especially fluorinated greenhouse gases (HFCs, PFCs, $SF_6$) are lacking research to build the greenhouse gas inventories to identify emissions sources and collection of the applicable collection activities data. In this study, with the refrigeration and air conditioning sector being used to fluorine refrigerant(HFCs) as the center, greenhouse gas emission estimation methodology for evaluating the feasibility of using this methodology look over and mobile air conditioning, fixed air conditioning, household refrigeration equipment, commercial refrigeration equipment for the greenhouse gas emissions were calculated. First look at in terms of methodology, refrigeration and air conditioning sector GHG emissions in developing country-specific emission factors and activity data of the industrial sector the construction of the DB is not enough, it's 2006 IPCC Guidelines Tier 2a (emission factor approach) rather than the Tier 2b (mass balance approach) deems appropriate, and each detail by process, sectoral activity data more accurate, if DB is built Tier 2a (emission factor approach) can be applied will also be judged. Refrigeration and air conditioning sector in 2009 due to the use of refrigerant greenhouse gas emissions ($CO_2eq.$) assessment results, portable air conditioner 1,974,646 ton to year, fixed-mount air conditioner 1,011,754 ton to year, household refrigeration unit 4,396 ton to year, commercial refrigeration equipment 1,263 ton to year was estimated to total 2,992,037 tons.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.54-67
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• 2014

This study was performed to estimate Greenhouse gases(GHGs) emissions from biomass burning at large forest fire(Ulju, Pohang and Bonghwa) in 2013. The extended methodology to estimate GHGs adopted the IPCC(Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change) Guidelines(2006) equation. For classifying fire damaged area and analyzing burn severity of total three large-fire area damaged, this study used post-fire imagery from Rapideye imagery to compute the Maximum Likelihood Classifiction (MLC). The result of accuracy assessment on burn severity from imagery showed that average overall accuracy was 75.93% and Kapp coefficient was 0.67 Finally, GHGs emissions from biomass burning in the three large-fire area 2013 were estimated as follows: Ulju $CO_2$ 63,260, CO 5.207, $CH_4$ 360, $N_2O$ 28.0 and $NO_x$ $4.4g/kg^{-1}{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, Pohang $CO_2$ 28,675, CO 2.359, $CH_4$ 163, $N_2O$ 12.7 and $NO_x$ $1.9g/kg^{-1}{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ and Bonghwa $CO_2$ 53,086, CO 1,655, $CH_4$ 114, $N_2O$ 23.5 and $NO_x$ $3.6g/kg^{-1}{\cdot}ha^{-1}$.