• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
• /
• v.9 no.10
• /
• pp.1207-1214
• /
• 2014

The first frame of a GOP is encoded in intra mode which generates a larger number of bits. In addition, the first frame is used for the inter mode encoding of the following frames. Thus the encoding results of the intra frame affects the first frame as well as the following frames. Traditionally, the quantization parameter for an intra frame is determined only depending on the bpp not considering the characteristics of the intra frame. For accurate intra frame encoding, we should consider not only bpp but also the complexity of the video sequence and the output bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a real-time quantization model which is used to calculate the quantization parameter for an intra frame encoding based on the investigation on the characteristics of a GOP. It is shown by experimental results that the proposed quantization model captures the characteristics of an intra frame effectively and the proposed method for model parameters accurately estimates the real values.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.836-846
• /
• 2014

To expedite UHD (Ultra High Definition) video service, the HEVC (High-Efficiency Video Coding) technology has recently been standardized and it achieves two times higher compression efficiency than the conventional H.264/AVC. To obtain the improved efficiency, however, it employs many complex methods which need complicated calculation, thereby resulting in a significantly increased computational complexity when compared to that of H.264/AVC. For example, to improve the coding efficiency of intra frame coding, up to 35 intra prediction modes are defined in HEVC, but this results in an increased encoding time than the H.264/AVC. In this paper, we propose a fast intra prediction mode decision scheme which reduces computational complexity by changing the number of intra prediction mode in accordance with the percentage of PU sizes for a given video resolution, and by classifying the 35 intra prediction modes into 4 categories considering video resolution and quantization parameter. The experimental results show that the total encoding time is reduced by about 7% on average at the cost of only 2% increase in BD-rate.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.325-333
• /
• 2001

Objective : To clarify the benefits and therapeutic effects of intra-arterial papaverine infusion on the symptomatic cerebral vasospasm, we analyzed the results of treatment in 32 patients retrospectively. Methods : A total of 510 patients underwent surgical clipping or endovascular intra-aneurysmal treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysm between May, 1996 and June, 1999. The delayed ischemic deficit(DID) was developed in 90 of 510 patients. Of these 90 patients, 32 developed symptomatic vasospasm inspite of using modest "3H therapy". The brain CT scan was taken before the intra-arterial infusion of papaverine. The 32 patients underwent 42 intra-arterial papaverine infusion. The symptomatic vasospasm was divided into three groups : deterioration of mental status(Group 1), appearance of a focal neurologic deficit(Group 2), or both(Group 3). We measured Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS), arterial diameters, and cerebral circulation time(CCT) at the time of pre- and postangioplasty. Results : The number of patients in group 1, 2 and 3 were 26, 7, 9 respectively. Eighteen cases showed improvement of GCS more than 2 scores, 16 more than 1, and 8 showed no change of GCS. Average cerebral circulation time(CCT) was decreased ranging from 0.0%-67.5%, and arterial diameters were increased in 21 cases ranging from 1 to 4 folds. Conclusion : Intra-arterial papaverine infusion seemed to have therapeutic effects on symptomatic vasospasm by improving the neurological signs and increasing the arterial diameter. We suggest that intra-arterial papaverine infusion would be an useful adjunctive therapeutic modality in symptomatic vasospasm.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.24-30
• /
• 2010

In this paper, we described intra prediction which is the one of techniques to be used for higher compression performance in H.264/AVC and proposed the design of intra predictor for efficient intra prediction mode processing. The proposed system is consist of processing elements, precomputation processing elements, an intra prediction controller, an internal memory and a register controller. The proposed system needs the reduced the computation cycles by using processing elements and precomputation processing element and also needs the reduced the number of access time to external memory by using internal memory and registers architecture. We designed the proposed system with Verilog-HDL and verified with suitable test vectors which are encoded YUV files. The proposed architecture belongs to the baseline profile of H.264/AVC decoder and is suitable for portable devices such as cellular phone with the size of $176{\times}144$. As a result of experiment, the performance of the proposed intra predictor is about 60% higher than that of the previous one.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.213-221
• /
• 2012

Purpose: Communication in hospitals is one of the major factors in patient safety. So, the purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between intra-organizational communication satisfaction and the safety attitude of nurses in hospitals. Method: A descriptive survey design with convenience sampling was used. Data collection was done using a self-report questionnaire answered by 278 nurses from one university hospital located in Kyeoung-gi Province, Korea. Result: Intra-organizational communication satisfaction positively correlated with safety attitude (r=.747, p<.01). Among the 6 sub dimensions of safety attitude, perceptions of management (r=.675, p<.01), job satisfaction (r=.640, p<.01) and teamwork climate (r=.600. p<.01) were strongly related to intra-organizational communication satisfaction. Multiple regression analysis was done to identify explanation power of intra-organizational communication satisfaction against safety attitude. The model was significant (F=48.540, p<.01). Intra-organizational communication satisfaction accounted for 60.9% of variance in safety attitude (Adj $R^2$=.609). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that higher levels of intra-organizational communication satisfaction promote positive safety attitude in hospital nurses and that communication media quality is an important factor in patient safety attitude. Therefore, developing interventions to revitalize intra-organizational communication level based on communication media quality will help in the construction of positive safety attitude in nurses.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
• /
• v.42 no.4 s.304
• /
• pp.133-142
• /
• 2005

In this paper, two digital video scrambling methods are proposed as simple means of the digital content protection techniques. One is inter block scrambling using motion vector, the other is intra block scrambling using intra prediction mode. The proposed inter block scrambling method distorts the original sequences by swapping horizontal and vertical components of motion vector. This method can be applied on most common video coding techniques such as MPEG-1, 2, 4, H.264, etc. The proposed intra block scrambling method distorts the original sequences by modifying intra prediction mode that is property of H.254 video coding technique. Both methods do not cause my bit rate increase after scrambling. Moreover, they have low complexity because they need only simple operation like XOR. Especially, the proposed intra block scrambling does not distort inter blocks directly. But inter blocks are distorted by error propagation effect as much as intra blocks. This paper introduces two new digital video scrambling method and verifies its effectiveness through simulation.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.758-765
• /
• 2021

Recently, various research on the application of deep learning to video encoding for enhancing coding efficiency are being actively studied. This paper proposes a deep learning based intra prediction which uses multiple models by extending Matrix-based Intra Prediction(MIP) that is a neural network-based technology adopted in VVC. It also presents an efficient learning method for the multi-model intra prediction. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we integrated the VVC MIP and the proposed fully connected layer based multi-model intra prediction into HEVC reference software, HM16.19 as an additional intra prediction mode. As a result of the experiments, the proposed method can obtain bit-saving coding gain up to 0.47% and 0.19% BD-rate, respectively, compared to HM16.19 and VVC MIP.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 2006

In this paper we give some new characterizations of the intra-regular ordered semigroups in terms of bi-ideals and quasi-ideals, bi-ideals and left ideals, bi-ideals and right ideals of ordered semigroups.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
• /
• 2019.11a
• /
• pp.20-21
• /
• 2019

The Joint Video Experts Team (JVET) has been working on the development of next generation of video coding standard called Versatile Video Coding (VVC). Position Dependent Intra Prediction Combination (PDPC) which is one of the major tools for intra prediction refines the prediction through a linear combination between the reconstructed samples and the predicted samples according to the sample position. In VVC WD6, nScale which is shift value that adjusts the weight is determined by the width and height of the current block. It may cause that PDPC is applied to regions that do not fit the characteristics of the current intra prediction mode. In this paper, we define nScale for each width and height so that the weight can be applied independently to the left and top reference samples, respectively. Experimental results show that, compared to VTM 6.0, the proposed method gives -0.01%, -0.04% and 0.01% Bjotegaard-Delta (BD)-rate performance, for Y, Cb, and Cr components, respectively, in All-Intra (AI) configuration.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.99-103
• /
• 2012

Objectives : This study was performed to report a case of adhesive capsulitis treated by intra-articular bee venom pharmacopuncture. Methods : Patient was treated by intra-articular bee venom pharmacopuncture four times during two weeks, and after that the patient had intermission period for 2 weeks. The same treatment was administered four times during two weeks after the intermission. The effect of treatment was evaluated by visual analog scale(VAS), range of motion(ROM). Results : After treatment, VAS score declined from 7 to 4, ROM increased. Conclusions : Intra-articular bee venom pharmacopuncture was effective for adhesive capsulitis.