• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.584-589
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• 2006

Bifidobacteria has been suggested to exert health promoting effects on the host by maintaining microbial flora and modulating immune functions in the human intestine. We assessed modulatory effects of the different cell fractions of Bifidobacterium sp. BGN4 on macrophage cells and other immune cells from the spleen and Peyer's patches (PP) of mouse. Cell free extracts (CFE) of the BGN4 fractions induced well-developed morphological changes in the macrophages and increased the phagocytic activity more effectively than other fractions in the mouse peritoneal cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production was significantly reduced by both the cell walls (CW) and CFE in the cultured cells from the spleen and PP. The production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) was eminent in the spleen cells treated with experimental BGN4 cell fractions. However, in the PP cells, IL-6 was slightly decreased by the treatment with the whole cell (WC) and CW, whereas IL-10 was significantly increased by the treatment with the CW and CFE. These results suggest that different types of bifidobacterial cell fractions may have differential immunomodulatory activities depending on their location within the host immune system.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.60-66
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• 2023

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent degenerative joint diseases and is more common in older and obese individuals. Silkworm male pupae exerts tonic effects by increasing testosterone secretion and the forced swimming time and muscle ratio increased in mice consuming silkworm pupae, which may be beneficial to the older population. Therefore, it will be beneficial to investigate the effects of silkworm pupal extracts (SPE) on OA. To confirm this effect, we prepared SPE in different solvents, and their ability to attenuate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-8 [IL-8] and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were evaluated in an interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced SW1353 human chondrosarcoma cell line. 70% ethanolic SPE outperformed the other solvents, reducing MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression by up to 53% and 13%, respectively. Further experiments were performed using 70% ethanolic SPE from three distinct pupation stages in males and females. SPE treatment alleviated MMP-1 expression (43.9-47.4%) regardless of pupation stage and sex. Among the inflammatory mediators, 70% ethanolic SPE alleviated IL-6 and TNF-α levels, and the concentrations thereof were lowest in the early-stage male SPE-treated group (43.15% and 56.74%, respectively). In conclusion, 70% ethanolic SPE may prevent IL-1β-induced osteoarthritis by inhibiting MMPs and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, SPE is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of OA.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.431-437
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• 2009

To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Ephedrae Herba in vivo and in vitro acute inflammation was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) shock in rats fed Ephedrae Herba extracts and inflammatory cytokine concentrations were examined. In addition, the effect of Ephedrae Herba extracts on the production of inflammatory cytokines was examined in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. In an in vivo experiment, plasma interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) concentrations were increased at 2 h and reached to maximal levels at 5 h after LPS treatment in all groups. Compared with control group, plasma IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$ levels were lowered at 5 h after LPS treatment, but plasma IL-10 level was higher in at 2 and 5 h after LPS treatment in Ephedrae Herba extract group. In an in vitro experiment using Raw 264.7 macrophages, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ concentrations in the Ephedrae Herba extract group were lower than those in control group. Compared with control group, IL-10 concentration appeared to be higher in the Ephedrae Herba extract group, but this trend was not significant. In conclusion, these results suggested that functional compound (s) in Ephedrae Herba extract may play a role in alleviating inflammatory response.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

Objective: With the onset of stroke, white blood cells release several proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$. It has been proven in previous studies that the release of these cytokines is related to the extent of damage to the brain and to overall prognosis. However, no studies have yet been performed to determine the connection with IL-6 and IL-10. Thus, this study is performed to see whether polymorphisms of IL-6, IL-10, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ genes that show increased serum concentration with the onset of stroke are related to stroke attack in Koreans. Methods : Peripheral blood samples derived from patients with stroke (n=100) and healthy controls (n=100) were taken under informed consent. In subjects with stroke, blood samples were obtained within 24 hours of stroke onset. Genomic DNA was isolated using the Wizard DNA Purification Kit (Promega, Madison, WI). Results : 1. Subjects with Heterozygote (GA) and Homozygote (AA) $TNF-{\alpha}$ gene types showed 2.433 and 20.457 times higher risks of being attacked by stroke, respectively, compared to subjects with wild type (GG) $TNF-{\alpha}$ gene type. The data was still statistically significant after adjusting for age, sex, history of smoking, and history of alcohol drinking. 2. Subjects with Homozygote (CC) IL-6 gene type showed 182.033 times higher risk of being attacked by stroke, compared to subjects with wild type (GG) IL-6 genes. This data was statistically insignificant (p=0.700). The data was still statistically insignificant after adjusting for age, sex, history of smoking, and history of alcohol drinking. 3. Subjects with Heterozygote (GA) and Homozygote (GG) IL-10 gene types showed 8.785 and 3.303 times higher risks of being attacked by stroke, respectively, compared to subjects with wild type (AA) IL-10 genes. The data was still statistically insignificant after adjusting for age, sex, history of smoking, and history of alcohol drinking. Conclusion : Our results suggest that the investigated $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-10 gene polymorphisms play an important role in stroke attack, but IL-6 gene polymorphism has not been found to associated with stroke.

• Journal of Evidence-Based Herbal Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Ecklonia cava butanol extract (BFEC) on RAW 264.7 cells. Method : To evaluate of anti-inflammatory of BFEC, We examined cytokine and Nitric oxide(NO) production in lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cell. Result : Extract of BFEC inhibit LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-6, NO production in human monocyte RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion : BFEC down-regulated LPS-induced IL-6, NO production, which may be provide a clinical basis for anti-inflammatory properities of BFEC.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.438-447
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to explore the role of IL-6-miR-210 in the regulation of Tregs function and atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation (AF). The levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 in AF patients were detected by using ELISA. Proportions of Treg cells were detected by fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis in AF patients. The expression of Foxp3, α-SMA, collagen I and collagen III were determined by western blot. The atrial mechanocytes were authenticated by vimentin immunostaining. The expression of miR-210 was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). TargetScan was used to predict potential targets of miR-210. The cardiomyocyte transverse sections in AF model group were observed by H&E staining. The myocardial filaments were observed by masson staining. The level of IL-6 was highly increased while the level of IL-10 (Tregs) was significantly decreased in AF patients as compared to normal control subjects, and IL-6 suppressed Tregs function and promoted the expression of α-SMA, collagen I and collagen III. Furthermore, miR-210 regulated Tregs function by targeting Foxp3, and IL-6 promoted expression of miR-210 via regulating hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). IL-6-miR-210 suppresses regulatory T cell function and promotes atrial fibrosis by targeting Foxp3.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.17-23
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• 2011

The focus of this study was to clarify the relation between the nitric oxide (NO) production and cytokine expression including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and also investigated the effect of G-NANA (N-acylneuraminic acid isolates from glycomacropeptide) or S-NANA (Synthetic N-acylneuraminic acid) on LPS stimuli from RAW264.7 cell. The NANA is the predominant sialic acid found in mammalian cells and G-NANA is isolation of GMP (GMP is a valuable bioactive peptide with a varying degree of glycosylation including sialic acid). The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria induces the expression of cytokines and potent inducers of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6. In this experiment, upon stimulation with increasing concentrations of chitosan, the LPS-stimulated TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 secretion was significantly recovered with in the incubation media of RAW264.7 cells. Consistently, RT-PCR with mRNA and immunoblot analysis with anti-cytokine antiserum including TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 showed that the amount of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 secretion in the incubation media recovered with the concentration of chitosan. The LPS-stimulated NO secretion was significantly recovered with in the 6 and 12 h incubation media of RAW264.7 cells, too. The recovery effect of G-NANA on IL-6 and NO secretion may be induced via the stimulus of TNF-${\alpha}$ in RAW264.7 cell. These results once again suggest that G-NANA may have the anti-inflammatory effect via the stimulus of TNF-${\alpha}$ in the LPS-stimulated inflammation in RAW264.7 cells.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.234-241
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• 2009

Purpose : We investigated the relationship between thyroid hormone and serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL-6) and N-terminal fragment of pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). Methods : Serum levels of thyroid hormone, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and NT-proBNP were measured in 52 KD patients in the acute and subacute phase and 10 patients with acute febrile illness (control group). TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Echocardiography was performed to detect coronary artery lesions (CAL) in KD patients. Results : Low $T_3$ syndrome occurred in 63.5% of KD patients. $T_3$ in the acute phase of KD was lower than that in the control. In KD patients, $T_3$ was lowered in the acute phase and elevated in the subacute phase, whereas TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and NT-proBNP were elevated in the acute phase and decreased in the subacute phase. NT-proBNP, and IL-6 were higher in patients with low $T_3$ than in those with normal $T_3$. In addition, $T_3$ inversely correlated with IL-6 and NT-proBNP. Of the 4 patients with CAL, 3 had very low $T_3$. Compared with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)-responsive patients, IVIG-resistant patients had lower $T_3$ and higher IL-6 and NT-proBNP. Conclusion : $T_3$ decreases in the acute phase of KD and normalizes in the subacute phase without thyroid hormone replacement. Low $T_3$ may be partially induced by IL-6 rather than TNF-${\alpha}$, and is strongly associated with high NT-proBNP. $T_3$ in KD may be used for the differential diagnosis, monitoring the activity of the disease, and predicting the severity of inflammation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.475-480
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• 2014

We investigated the question of whether cholesterol catabolite can influence expression of inflammatory cytokines via Toll-like receptors (TLR) in monocytic cells. Treatment of THP-1 monocytic cells with 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol) resulted in induction of gene transcription of TLR6 and elevated level of cell surface TLR6. Addition of FSL-1, a TLR6 agonist, to 27OHChol-treated cells resulted in transcription of the $IL-1{\alpha}$ gene and enhanced secretion of the corresponding gene product. However, cholesterol did not affect TLR6 expression, and addition of FSL-1 to cholesterol-treated cells did not induce expression of $IL-1{\alpha}$. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we investigated molecular mechanisms underlying the expression of TLR6 and $IL-1{\alpha}$. Treatment with Akt inhibitor IV or U0126 resulted in significantly attenuated expression of TLR6 and $IL-1{\alpha}$ induced by 27OHChol and 27OHChol plus FSL-1, respectively. In addition, treatment with LY294002, SB202190, or SP600125 resulted in significantly attenuated secretion of $IL-1{\alpha}$. These results indicate that 27OHChol can induce inflammation by augmentation of TLR6-mediated production of $IL-1{\alpha}$ in monocytic cells via multiple signaling pathways.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.14-17
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• 2001

Recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) has demonstrated as an antineoplastic agent in mice and human, but the relatively low response rates observed in clinical trials. Therefore, the present study was undertaken in order to evaluate therapeutic activities of IL-2 for the establishment of therapeutic applications. At the onset of the experiment, normal C3H/HeN mice were injected with $3{\times}10^6$ RD-995 tumor cells, murine ultraviolet radiation-induced fibrosarcoma, subcutaneously. Beginning on day 25, experimental groups were treated with a 5-day course of IL-2 (subcutaneous injection of 30,000 IU every 12 hours for 5 days). The result of this experiment revealed that RD-995 tumor grew progressively in control mice. Subcutaneous IL-2 therapy decreased tumor growth until day 23, then the tumor grew progressively. No significant difference in the survival of IL-2 therapy decreased tumor growth until day 23, then the tumor grew progressively. No significant difference in the survival of IL-2 therapy decreased tumor growth until day 23, then the tumor grew progressively. No significant difference in the survival of IL-2 treated mice were observed compared with the control mice.