• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.480-485
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• 2007

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. COPD has systemic effects, such as skeletal muscle dysfunction and abnormal weight loss. It also has been suggested that COPD is related to other chronic disease, such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and anemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate a symptom questionnaire and laboratory findings in subjects with air flow limitation. Methods: We evaluated a symptom questionnaire and laboratory findings in subjects with airflow limitation detected by spirometry in conjunction with the Second Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 9,243 adults over the age of 18 were recruited. Among the adults, we finally analyzed 2,217 subjects who met the acceptability and repeatability criteria of spirometry, showed normal findings on chest radiography, and were older than 40 years of age. Results: There were 288 subjects with airflow limitation as determined by spirometry. The frequency of respiratory symptoms such as cough, sputum and wheezing were significantly higher in subjects with airflow limitation (p <0.01). Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were higher in subjects with airflow limitation (hemoglobin level 13.98 mg/dL vs. 13.62 mg/dL, hematocrit 42.10% vs. 40.89%; p<0.01). The HDL cholesterol level was lower in subjects with airflow limitation (44.95 mg/dL vs. 45.60 mg/dL; p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and fasting glucose levels. Conclusion: In subjects with airflow limitation, prevalence of respiratory symptoms was higher than in normal spirometry subjects and the levels of hemoglobin and the hematocrit were higher. The HDL cholesterol level was lower in subjects with airflow limitation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 2008

Background: In principle, cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis (CTBL) is a medical disease that may require surgical treatment, particularly in young women who complain of psychosocial and cosmetic problems. We encountered 13 cases of aggravated CTBL treated surgically despite the appropriate course of antituberculous chemotherapy. We report the clinical characteristis of these cases. Methods: The clinical data of 13 patients with aggravated CTBL requiring surgical treatment from January 2000 to December 2006 at the Department of Chest Medicine, Internal Medicine and Plastic Surgery, National Medical Center was reviewed retrospectively. Results: Twelve of the 13 cases (92%) were female. The most common age was 21~30 years (69%). Multiple nodes were palpated in 11 cases (85%). The supraclavicular lymph nodes were sites the most commonly involved (54%). The other involved sites in the order of decreasing frequency were the jugular chain, posterior cervical, submandibular and infraauricular lymph nodes. A palpable mass was the most commonsymptom. Neck pain was reported in 3 cases (23%). General symptoms such as weight loss, fatigue, anorexia and night sweats were noted in 5 cases (38%). Respiratory symptoms such as cough, sputum, hemoptysis, dyspnea and chest pain were observed in 4 cases (31%). Pulmonary tuberculosis was noted in 11 cases (85%). Other extrapulmonary tuberculosis coexisted in 4 cases (31%). This suggests that surgical CTBLs may be manifestations of a systemic disease and might be difficult to treat. Most cases (92%) were stages 2 and 3 at the initial diagnostic period but all cases fell into stage 4 and 5 when reassesed before surgery. The average duration of anti-TB chemotherapy before and after surgery was 10.2 and 15.2 months, respectively. The 13 patients were followed up until June. 2008. Among them, 2 cases had newly developed CTBL and the other 11cases showed no recurrence. Conclusion: In principle, CTBL is the medical disease. However, despite the appropriate course of anti-TB chemotherapy, CTBL can progress to a more advanced stages and grow rapidly to a large-sized or fistulous mass with a persistent abscess. Surgical treatment may be inevitable for patients with psychosocial and cosmetic problems caused by these masses, particularly in young women.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2007

This study was focused on understanding the agricultural non-point sources pollution in 72 rural catchments of Nakdong river watershed from 2001 to 2005 every two year. Also. Pearson correlations between water quality and basin characteristic were computed. Water quality of this study watershed was better in 2003 than any other period. The water quality of upstream was recorded from 0.040 to 0.510 dS/m in EC, from 3.55 to 22.60 mg/L in DO, from 0.32 to 16.64 mg/L in T-N, from 0.00 to 12.21 mg/L in $NO_3-N$, from 0.000 to 0.860 mg/L in T-P, and from 0.000 to 0.640 mg/L in $PO_4-P$. A the downstream, EC was measured from 0.030 to 0.520 dS/m, DO from 4.13 to 18.36 mg/L, T-N from 0.38 to 26.88 mg/L, $NO_3-N$ from 0.10 to 20.12 mg/L, T-P from 0.002 to 0.820 mg/L, $PO_4-P$ from 0.002 to 0.690 mg/L. But there was no difference between upstream and downstream for the water quality. Based on the correlation analysis between water quality and land use, correlation between BOD and residential was the highest positive correlation of 0.541 (p<0.01), and correlation between $PO_4-P$ and forest was the highest negative correlation of -0.451 (p<0.01). Also, T-N, $NO_3-N$, and pH were not correlated with all basin characteristics and basin was not correlated with all water quality parameter. According to the correlation residential was causative of growing worst for water quality, and forest was causative of improving for water quality.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.626-634
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• 2007

This study investigated the effects of 3% ground fresh paprika (FP) and 5% freeze-dried paprika powder (FDP) on lipid oxidation inhibition and warmed-over flavor (WOF) development in cooked ground pork (CGP; meat:fat = 70:30), using two packaging methods (atmosphere packaging and vacuum packaging) during 8 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and 4 months at $-26^{\circ}C$. In the CGP containing FP with atmosphere packaging, at both $4^{\circ}C\;and\;-26^{\circ}C$, peroxide formation increased sharply, and was similar to that of the CGP without paprika. Peroxide formation, in both the CGP without paprika and with FP and packaged with vacuum packaging, repectively, was much lower than that found with atmosphere packaging. Vacuum packaging was superior to atmosphere packaging for lipid oxidation inhibition. In the CGP containing FP with vacuum packaging and stored at $-26^{\circ}C$, peroxide formation almost didn't occur, which was similar to the CGP containing FDP. The peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value did not increase in the CGP containing FDP over the storage periods ($4^{\circ}C\;and\;-26^{\circ}C$) for both the atmosphere and vacuum packaging. Therefore, FDP was the most effective for lipid oxidation inhibition during refrigerated storage, regardless of the packaging method. Both FP and FDP with vacuum packaging during frozen storage showed similar antioxidant activities. The development of WOF in the CGP containing FDP with vacuum packaging was delayed until 7 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and 3 months at $-26^{\circ}C$, respectively. WOF was highly correlated with TBA value in the CGP stored at $-26^{\circ}C$ with vacuum packaging (r = 0.88, p<0.05). The oxidative stability of the lipid in the CGP containing FDP with vacuum packaging was excellent.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.441-449
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• 2013

This study was conducted to select some useful plants as functional material candidates. A total of 38 plants were preliminarily screened for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The preliminarily selected 8 plants were further investigated to verify the in vitro inhibitory effect on inflammation and oxidative stress. Boehmeria platanifolia (root), Carpinus coreana (branch), and Eupatorium japonicum (leaf) inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Eupatorium japonicum (leaf) suppressed the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), whereas Boehmeria platanifolia (root) and Prunus yedoensis (branch) inhibited the transcription of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$). Treatment with the extracts ($2.5{\sim}20{\mu}g/ml$) of Abutilon theophrasti (leaf, flower/seed) and Hemistepta lyrata (stem) did not show toxicity on RAW 264.7 cell proliferation, but treatment with $2.5{\mu}g/ml$ of Boehmeria platanifolia (root) exhibited cell toxicity. Carpinus coreana (branch) and Prunus yedoensis (branch) showed potent scavenging activities on peroxynitrite. Akebia quinata (flower), Carpinus coreana (branch), and Prunus yedoensis (branch) effectively inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS). Abutilon theophrasti (leaf), Boehmeria platanifolia (root), Carpinus coreana (branch), and Eupatorium japonicum (leaf) exhibited strong inhibitory capacity with regard to nitric oxide (NO) production. The results suggested that Abutilon theophrasti (leaf) has in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and that is a useful functional material candidate.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.17
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• pp.161-182
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• 1996

In natural atmosphere, copper and copper alloy have been used to make buddha statues and ornaments of historic buildings since the abovementioned metals have corrosion resistance in some extent, and the patinaformed on the surface of the metals has provided the people aesthetic satisfaction with its beauty. But in atmosphere polluted by $SO_x$and $NO_x$, the patina layer does not work as a protective film, and it allows damages of the metal. Since 1992, Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties(TNRICP)has conducted studies on the influence of atmospheric pollution on metal cultural property held under open air. The Great Buddha Image which is located in Kamakura about 50km west from Tokyo, has been selected as one of the objects to study because it is made by copper alloy and it has stood exposed in the air for about a few hundreds years. Furthermore it is also the reason to study on it that there are many cultural properties in the surroundings of it. We have analysed the components and the structure of the corrosion products formed on the surface of the Buddha, have carried out exposure tests using the alloy samples which have simulated the components of the Great Image, and have observed climated and polluted air in order to discuss the relation between corrosion of metals in open air and conditions of the atmosphere. In this paper, the authors have described the components and the structure of the corrosion product formed on the surface of the Great Image by means of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Sulfate patina composed mainly with brochantite were detected on the all sides of the Image and the amount of the patina is found more on the back of the Image facing to north. (2) Antlerite were detected on the back and a park of the left side facing to west, and formation of it was considered to have close relation with malignant atmosphere. (3) A big amount of chloride patina which mainly composed of atacamite were observed on the front facing to south. (4) Carbonate patina mainly composed of malachite were detected on the area where brochantite was often detected as well. It suggested that malachite had been transformed into brochantite by deteriorated atmosphere. (5) On the all sides of the Image, patina were observed together with copper oxides mainly composed of cuprous oxide. It showed that the surface layer of the Image consists of two layers : inner layer of oxide and outer layer of patina. (6) Corrosion products of lead which was a component of copperalloy were detected on the all sides : the main lead product found on the front was chlorophosphate whereas the one on the back was sulfate.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 2004

Purpose : To study the feasibility of verifying real-time 2-D dose distribution measurement system with the scintillation screen for the quality assurance. Materials and Methods : The water phantom consisted of a scintillation screen (LANEX fast screen, Kodak, USA) that was axially located in the middle of an acrylic cylinder with a diameter of 25 cm. The charge-coupled device (CCD) camera was attached to the phantom In order to capture the visible light from the scintillation screen. To observe the dose distribution In real time, the intensity of the light from the scintillator was converted to a dosage. The isodose contours of the calculations from RTP and those of the measurements using the scintillation screen were compared for the arc therapy and the Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Results : The kernel, expressed as a multiplication of two error functions, was obtained in order to correct the sensitivity of the CCD of the camera and the scintillation screen. When comparing the calculated isodose and measured isodose, a discrepancy of less than 8 mm in the high dose region was observed. Conclusion : Using the 2-D dosimetry system, the relationship between the light and the dosage could be found, and real-time verification of the dose distribution was feasible.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.561-567
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• 2011

This study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of methanol extract from natural products. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The production of NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ were measured by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In order to effectively screen for anti-inflammatory agents, we first examined the inhibitory effects of 24 natural products on the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells. Three extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz., Lavandula spica L., and Dalbergia odorifera T. significantly inhibited NO production. The three extracts significantly decreased production of NO in a dose-dependent manner. Terminalia chebula Retz. decreased TNF-${\alpha}$ production. Antioxidative effects of the three extracts were measured based on polyphenol and flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity assay. The three extracts showed high polyphenol contents as well as strong DPPH scavenging activities. In particular, Terminalia chebula Retz. contained the highest polyphenol and flavonoid levels of 616 and $96\;{\mu}g/mg$, respectively, compared to Lavandula spica L. and Dalbergia odorifera T. As DPPH radical scavensing activities, RC50 values of Terminalia chebula Retz. were $2.09\;{\mu}g/ml$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.689-697
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• 2013

In the United States, about 40,000 new cases of oral cancer are diagnosed each year and nearly 7,800 patients died from it in 2012. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been found to have anticancer effects in a variety of cancer cell lines and animal models, but their effect in oral cancer remains unclear. This study was designed to examine the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, a kind of omega-3 fatty acid) on oral cancer cells and the molecular mechanism of its action. We found that exposure of squamous cell carcinoma-4 (SCC-4) and squamous cell carcinoma-9 (SCC-9) human oral cancer cells to DHA induced growth inhibition in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, in addition to the elevated levels of apoptotic markers, such as cleaved PARP, subG1 portion and TUNEL-positive nuclei, DHA led to autophagic vesicle formation and an increase in autophagic flux, indicating the involvement of both apoptosis and autophagy in the inhibitory effects of DHA on oral cancer cells. Further experiments revealed that the apoptosis and autophagy induced by DHA were linked to inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling by AKT inhibition and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in SCC-9 cells. Together, our results suggest that DHA induces apoptosis- and autophagy-associated cell death through the AMPK/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in oral cancer cells. Thus, utilization of omega-3 fatty acids may represent a promising therapeutic approach for chemoprevention and treatment of human oral cancer.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.919-924
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• 1997

The changes in physicochemical properties of cooked rice stored in an electric rice cooker at different temperature (63, 66, 69 and $72^{\circ}C$) were investigated. The growth of thermophilic bacteria was gradually increased in all samples with storage time up to 6 hours and increased rapidly afterward. The bacterial growth rate was higher during storage at low temperature than at high temperature, and the bacterial number generally reached the maximum at 18 hours of the storage. The number of bacteria in sample stored at $63^{\circ}C$ was increased to $10^6$ CFU/g after storage for 6 hours. The heat treatment at 6 hours of storage decreased the bacterial number to $10^5 $ CFU/g at 8 hours of storage. Bacterial number was gradually increased with storage time after the first heat treatment. When the sample was reheated after 8 hours of storage, the bacterial number was reduced to the level at which off-odor was not detected after storage for 24 hours. During the storage, moisture content of heat-treated sample was lower than that of sample stored at $63^{\circ}C$ but higher than that of sample stored at $72^{\circ}C$. The L value of heat-treated sample was higher than that of the sample stored at $72^{\circ}C$, but lower than that of the sample stored at $63^{\circ}C$. The b value showed an opposite trend to the L value with regard to the storage temperature. Changes in texture were not remarkable during the storage for the sample heat-treated and stored at low temperature. The occurrence of off-odor and browning was depressed in the heat-treated sample, and the texture and overall eating quality were more acceptable than the samples stored at low temperature.