• Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.781-791
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcN HCl) has been shown to inhibit cell growth and matrix synthesis, but not with N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) supplementation. This effect might be related to an inhibition of critical growth factors (GF), or to a different metabolization of the two glucosamine derivatives. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the synergy between GlcN HCl, GlcNAc, and GF on proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis. METHOD: Bovine chondrocytes were cultivated in monolayers for 48 h and in three-dimensional (3D) chitosan scaffolds for 30 days in perfusion bioreactors. Serum-free (SF) medium was supplemented with either growth factors (GF) $TGF-{\beta}$ ($5ng\;mL^{-1}$) and IGF-I ($10ng\;mL^{-1}$), GlcN HCl or GlcNAc at 1mM each or both. Six groups were compared according to medium supplementation: (a) SF control; (b) SF + GlcN HCl; (c) SF + GlcNAc; (d) SF + GF; (e) SF + GF + GlcN HCl; and (f) SF + GF + GlcNAc. Cell proliferation, proteoglycan, collagen I (COL1), and collagen II (COL2) synthesis were evaluated. RESULTS: The two glucosamines showed opposite effects in monolayer culture: GlcN HCl significantly reduced proliferation and GlcNAc significantly augmented cellular metabolism. In the 30 days 3D culture, the GlcN HCl added to GF stimulated cell proliferation more than when compared to GF only, but the proteoglycan synthesis was smaller than GF. However, GlcNAc added to GF improved the cell proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis more than when compared to GF and GF/GlcN HCl. The synthesis of COL1 and COL2 was observed in all groups containing GF. CONCLUSION: GlcN HCl and GlcNAc increased cell growth and stimulated COL2 synthesis in long-time 3D culture. However, only GlcNAc added to GF improved proteoglycan synthesis.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.42-55
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• 2021

[Purpose] This study investigated the effects of marine phytoplankton supplementation (Oceanix®, Tetraselmis chuii) on 1) maximal isometric strength and immune function in healthy humans following a oneweek high-intensity resistance-training program and 2) the proinflammatory cytokine response to exercise in a rat model. [Methods] In the human trial, 22 healthy male and female participants were randomly divided into marine phytoplankton and placebo groups. Following baseline testing, participants underwent a 14-day supplement loading phase before completing five consecutive days of intense resistance training. In the rat model, rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=7 per condition): (i) control, (ii) exercise, (iii) exercise + marine phytoplankton (2.55 mg/kg/day), or (iv) exercise + marine phytoplankton (5.1 mg/kg/day). Rats in the exercising groups performed treadmill exercise 5 days per week for 6 weeks. [Results] In the human model, marine phytoplankton prevented significant declines in the isometric peak rate of force development compared to placebo. Additionally, salivary immunoglobulin A concentration was significantly lower following the resistance training protocol in the placebo group but not in the marine phytoplankton group. Marine phytoplankton in exercising rats decreased intramuscular levels and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and intramuscular concentrations of malondialdehyde. [Conclusion] Marine phytoplankton prevented decrements in indices of functional exercise recovery and immune function. Mechanistically, these outcomes could be prompted by modulating the oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine response to exercise.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.21-25
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• 2001

The Keum river has been utilized for drinking water supply of several city including Kunsan city and is deepening pollution state due to numerous municipal and industrial discharges. The concentration BOD in river is affected by the organic loading from a tributary and the algae biomass that largely happen to under eutrophication state. In the eutrophic water mass such as the Keum river, the autochthonous BOD was very important part for making a decision of water quality management, because it was accounted for majority of the total BOD. The predict of water quality has important meaning for management of water quality pollution of the Keum river. The purpose of this study will manage and predict water quality of the Keum river using QUAL-2E model considering the autochthonous BOD. The estimation of autochthonous BOD represented that the relationship between BOD and chlorophyll a. The regression equation was shown to be autochthonous BOD=$\beta$(sub)5$\times$chlorophyll a. The results of this study may be summarized as followed; The QUAL-2E model was calibrated with the data surveyed in the field of the study area in June, 1998. The calculated value by QUAL-2E model are in good agree to measured value within relative error of 7.80~20.33%. Especially, in the case of the considering autochthonous BOD, the calculated value of BOD were fairly good coincided with the observed values within relative error of 15%. But the case of not considering autochthonous BOD, relative error of BOD was shown to be 43.2%. In order to attain II grade of water quality standard in Puyo station which has a intake facility of water supply, we reduced to the pollutants loading of tributaries. In the case of removed 100% BOD of tributaries, the BOD of Puyo station was 4.07mg/$\ell$, belong to III grade of water quality standard. But in the case of removed 88% nutrient of tributaries, it was satisfied to II grade of water quality standard as below 3mg/$\ell$ of BOD. For estimation of autochthonous BOD in Keum river, we are performed simulating in accordance with reduction of nutrient load(50~100%) under conditions removal 90% organic load. Occupancy of autochthonous BOD according to nutrient loading reductions were varied from 25.97~79.51%. Occupancy of autochthonous BOD was shown to be a tendency to increasing in accordance with reduction of nutrient loading. Showing the above results, the nutrient that one of the growing factor of algae was important role in decision of BOD in the Keum river. For the water quality management of the Keum river, therefore, it is necessary to considering autochthonous BOD and to construction of advanced sewage treatment plant for nutrient removal.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.726-735
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• 2000

목질진흙버섯 자실체와 배양 균사체의 열수추출 및 열수 추출물의 에탄올, UF처리 분획들에 대한 약리 효과를 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Sarcoma 180 암세포 증식 저지율은 자실체 열수 총 분획(Fr. I)보다 비교적 고분자인 다당류 분획(Fr. II, Fr. III, Fr. IV)에서 $80.4{\sim}85.9%$로 높게 나타났다. 면역계에 미치는 영향으로 보체계 활성화는 $10.1{\sim}13.6%$, 대식세포의 NO 생성능은 자실체 및 균사체 모든 분획에서 생성되었으며, $TNF-{\alpha}$생성능은 NO 생성능이 높았던 분획들에서 높은 생성능을 나타내었다. 효소적 및 비효소적 지질과산화 유발에 대한 영향은 목질진흙버섯 자실체와 배양 균사체의 모든 분획에서 지질 과산화 억제능을 나타내었고, 유리기 제거능에 있어서는 농도의존적으로 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, DPPH에 대한 Fr. III의 $SC_{50}$은 $32.0\;{\mu}g/mL$로 조사되었다. 상기와 같은 결과들로부터 목질진흙버섯 자실체와 배양 균사체의 열수추출 및 열수 추출물의 에탄올, UF처리 분획들은 항암활성, 면역활성, 지질 과산화 억제효과 및 유리기 제거능이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.735-743
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• 2015

다양한 제품들에 사용되고 있는 천연물 소재들의 효능에 대한 체계적이고 과학적인 증거자료와 임상자료는 매우 부족한 실정이다. 이러한 천연물 소재의 과학적 연구는 국민보건과 건강증진을 위한 다양한 제품개발의 기초자료로 활용할 수 있는 중요한 자료이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 보리순 추출물을 이용하여 기능성 천연물 소재로서의 가능성을 검토하였다. 항염증 활성을 조사하기 위해서 대식세포 RAW264.7에 LPS로 자극시켜 유도된 염증반응에서 보리순 에탄올 추출물의 매개체 억제 효과를 수행하였고 oxazolone을 이용하여 hairless 마우스에 접촉성 피부염을 유도하여 보리순 추출물의 항염 효과를 확인하였다. 연구의 결과에서, LPS로 자극한 RAW264.7 세포에서 COX-II, iNOS와 같은 염증성 매개체뿐만 아니라 염증성 사이토카인의 생성 및 발현이 보리순 에탄올 추출물에 의하여 현저히 억제됨을 확인하였다. 이러한 보리순 에탄올 추출물의 억제효과는 $I{\kappa}B$의 분해반응을 억제함으로써 NF-${\kappa}B$의 핵으로 이동을 억제하여 신호전달체계를 불활성화시키는 것과 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 보리순 에탄올 추출물은 NF-${\kappa}B$의 상위 신호전달경로인 MAPKs에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 증명되었다. 대식세포에서의 실험결과를 토대로 hairless 마우스에 oxazolone으로 접촉성 피부염을 유발시킨 모델에서 보리순 에탄올 추출물을 처리하여 2주간 피부 병변을 관찰한 결과 염증반응이 현저히 감소됨을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과에서 보리순 추출물이 항염증 효능을 가진 천연물 소재로서의 가능성을 제시하고 있다. 기존 연구에 의하면, 보리 추출물에는 항산화 효과가 뛰어난 폴리페놀류인 루테오린(luteolin), 사포나린(saponarin) 등이 풍부하며, 항염증 효과가 우수한 페루릭산(ferulic acid), 루토나린(lutonarin), 그리고 각종 비타민, 미네랄 등이 풍부하다고 알려져 있다. 또한 superoxide와 hydroxyl 라디칼 생성을 억제할 수 있는 2"-O-glycosylisovitexin이 함유되어 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 성분들에 의하여 보리순 추출물의 항염 효과가 나타날 것으로 생각된다. 다양한 염증성 질환에서 여러 매개체들의 과도한 발현이 그 질환의 원인임을 생각해 볼 때 보리순 추출물은 항염증에 관련된 여러 제품들에서 다양하게 활용할 수 있는 천연물 소재가 될 것으로 판단되며 앞으로 보리순 추출물에서 항염 효과를 나타내는 유효화합물의 분리동정 및 생리활성평가에 대한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2008

Purpose: Protein kinase C (PKC) is a member of a family of serine/threonine kinases that are activated by diacylglycerol (DG) and PKC stimulants. PKC play a key role in signal transduction, including muscle contraction, cell migration, apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the mechanism relating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and PKC, especially in the volume-dependent hypertensive state, remains unclear. Methods: In the present study, I investigated the relationship between PKC and MAPKs for isometric contraction, PKC translocation, and enzymatic activity from normotensive sham-operated rats (NSR) and aldosterone-analogue deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertensive rats (ADHR). Results: Systolic blood pressure was significantly increased in ADHR than in NSR. Physiological salt solution (PSS)-induced resting tension and the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ([$Ca^{2+}{_i}$]) were different in the ADHR and NSR. The expression of PKC$\alpha$, PKC$\beta$II, PKC$\delta$, PKC$\varepsilon$ and PKC$\xi$ were different between the cytoplasmic and membranous fractions. However, expression of the PKC isoforms did not differ for the ADHR and NSR. The use of 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate (DPB, a PKC stimulant) induced isometric contraction in $Ca^{2+}$-free medium, which was diminished in muscle strips from ADHR as compared to NSR. Increased vasoconstriction and phosphorylation induced by the use of 1 ${\mu}$M DPB were inhibited by treatment with 10 ${\mu}$M PD098059 and 10 ${\mu}$M SB203580, inhibitors of extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 MAPK from ADHR, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that the development of aldosterone analogue-induced hypertension is associated with an altered blood pressure, resting tension, [$Ca^{2+}{_i}$], and that the $Ca^{2+}$-independent contraction evoked by PKC stimulants is due to the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in volume-dependent hypertension. Therefore, it is suggested that PKC activity affects volume-dependent hypertension and the need to develop cardiovascular disease-specialized physical therapy.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2004

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and effect of various cryopreservation method on the survival and the cytoskeletal stability of metaphase II mouse oocyte. Methods: Mouse ovulated oocytes were collected and cryopreserved by a modified slow-freezing method with 1.5 M 1, 2-propanediol (PrOH)+0.1 M sucrose or by vitrification using cryo loop and EM grid with 40% ethylene glycol+0.6 M sucrose. Four hours after thawing, intact oocytes were fixed and stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated monoclonal anti-$\beta$-tubulin antibody to visualize spindle and propidium iodide (PI) to visualize chromosome. Spindle morphology was classified as follows: normal (barrel-shaped), slightly and absolute abnormal (multipolar or absent). Results: Survival rate of the frozen-thawed oocytes in vitrification group was significantly higher than that of slow-freezing group (62.7% vs. 24.4%, p<0.01). Vitrification with cryo loop showed significantly higher survival rate than that with EM grid (67.7% vs. 53.5%, p<0.05). On the other hand, proportion of normal spindle and chromosome configurations of the frozen-thawed oocytes between two vitrification group was not significantly different. Conclusion: For mouse ovulated oocytes, vitrification with cryo loop may be a preferable procedure compared to slow-freezing method. Further study should be needed to investigate developmental competency of frozen-thawed mouse oocytes.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.148-153
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• 2007

Obesity-induced inflammation plays a crucial role in obesity-related pathologies such as type II diabetes and atherosclerosis. Adipose tissue macrophages and the cell-derived proinflammatory chemokines are key components in augmenting inflammatory responses in obesity. Anthocyanins such as cyanidin and $cyanidin-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucoside$ (C3G) are known to elicit anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the production of proinflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In the present study, we investigated whether cyanidin and C3G have the potential to suppress the inflammatory responses of adipose cells. Cyanidin and C3G not only suppressed the migration of RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by mesenteric adipose tissue-conditioned medium, but also inhibited the activation of the cells to produce inflammatory chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-related protein-2 (MRP-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Cyanidin and C3G also inhibited the release of MCP-1 and MRP-2 from adipocytes and/or macrophages. These findings suggest that cyanidin and C3G may suppress the inflammatory responses of adipose tissue in obesity.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.111-129
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• 2007

Objectives & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Coicis Semen Herbal-acupuncture solution (CS-HAS) at the Joksamni (ST36) on the collagen-induced arthritis in the DBA/1J mouse. The author performed several experiments to analyze the effects of CS-HAS on arthritis; change of the weight; the spleen size and adhesion rate; serum cytokine levels; serum antibody levels; changes of immunocyte counts; the histological changes of joint. Results : In the Coicis Semen Herbal-acupuncture (CS-HA), arthritis index, the incidence of arthritis, and the degree of joint edema were decreased. In CS-HA, there was no weight loss. The size of the spleen, adhesion rate, and the edema and transformation of joint were lowered. In CS-HA, the levels of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, IFN-${\gamma}$, IgG, IgM, and anti-collagen II in serum and the levels of IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4, IL-10 in spleen were significantly decreased. In CS-HA, the expression ratios of $CD45^+$ to $CD3e^+$ and $CD8^+$ to $CD4^+$ were decreased. Also, the overall $CD4^+/CD8^+$ cell ratio was lowered in spleen. Ratios of the $CD4^+/CD25^+$, $CD45^+/CD69^+$ cells were decreased in lymph nodes. In addition, ratios of the $CD3^+/CD69^+$, $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells were also decreased in synovium. In the histological study, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation, and collagen fiber destruction were decreased with CS-HA treated group. Conclusions : From the results mentioned above, it is suggested that CS-HA at the ST36 has several significant effects on the collagen-induced arthritis.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2005

Cloned calves derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have been frequently lost by sudden death at 1 to 3 month following healthy birth. To address whether placental anomalies are responsible for the sudden death of cloned calves, we compared protein patterns of 2 placentae derived from SCNT of Korean Native calves died suddenly at two months after birth and those of 2 normal placentae obtained from AI fetuses. Placental proteins were separated using 2-Dimensional gel electrophoresis. Approximately 800 spots were detected in placental 2-D gel stained with coomassie-blue. Then, image analysis of Malanie III (Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics) was performed to detect variations in protein spots between normal and SCNT placentae. In the comparison of normal and SCNT samples, 8 spots were identified to be up-regulated proteins and 24 spots to be down-regulated proteins in SCNT placentae, among which proteins were high mobility group protein HMG1, apolipoprotein A-1 precursor, bactenecin 1, tropomyosin beta chain, $H^+-transporting$ ATPase, carbonic anhydrase II, peroxiredoxin 2, tyrosine-rich acidic matrix protein, serum albumin precursor and cathepsin D. These results suggested that the sudden death of cloned calves might be related to abnormal protein expression in placenta.