• Plant Resources
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2001

Transgenic Petunia hybrida cv. Rosanpion was produced by Agrobactepium tumefaciens LBA4404 harboring a binary vector pBI 121 containing $\beta$-glucuronidase (gus) and neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII). For genetic transformation, leaf discs were precultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L BA (MNB) for 2 days and cocultured for 15 mins with A. tumefaciens. For selection of transformant, leaf discs were transferred to fresh MNB containing 50 mg/L kanamycin and 500 mg/L cefotaxime. Eighteen plants were regenerated and four were confirmed by PCR for detection of gus and nptII gene integrated into the nuclear genome of petunia ‘Rosanpion’. Using this transformation system, we expect that transgenic petunia ‘Rosanpion’ incorporating a useful gene can be produced.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.526-535
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• 2007

Ru(II)-terpyridine complexes (8, 9, 11) linked with adamantyl or β-cyclodextrin moieties were synthesized and characterized based on their 1H and 13C NMR spectra as well as MS spectra. Ru(II)-terpyridine complexes (8, 11) linked with adamantyl moiety were readily dissolved in aqueous solution via encapsulation by β-cyclodextrin when they were mixed with an equimolar amount of β-cyclodextrin. In the similar way, the adamantane guest of the Ru(II)-terpyridine complexes (8, 11) were encapsulated by β-cyclodextrin moiety of the ruthenium complex 9 to afford supramolecular assemblies in aqueous environment. Formation of assemblies was corroborated by 1H NMR spectroscopy.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.212-217
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• 2011

${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$-subunits (ApCpnA and ApCpnB) are group II chaperonins from the hyperthermophilic archaeum Aeropyrum pernix K1, specialized in preventing the aggregation and inactivation of substrate proteins under conditions of transient heat stress. In the present study, the cooperativity of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits from the A. pernix K1 was investigated. The ApCpnA and ApCpnB chaperonin genes were overexpressed in E. coli Rosetta and Codonplus (DE3), respectively. Each of the recombinant ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits was purified to 92% and 94% by using anionexchange chromatography. The cooperative activity between purified ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits was examined using citrate synthase (CS), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) as substrate proteins. The addition of both ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits could effectively protect CS and ADH from thermal aggregation and inactivation at $43^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively, and MDH from thermal inactivation at $80^{\circ}C$C and $85^{\circ}C$. Moreover, in the presence of ATP, the protective effects of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits on CS from thermal aggregation and inactivation, and ADH from thermal aggregation, were more enhanced, whereas cooperation between chaperonins and ATP in protection activity on ADH and MDH (at $85^{\circ}C$) from thermal inactivation was not observed. Specifically, the presence of both ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$- subunits could effectively protect MDH from thermal inactivation at $80^{\circ}C$ in an ATP-dependent manner.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1983

In the present study, two kinds of D-xylanases (1, 4-$\beta$-D-xylan xylanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.8) were purified and characterized from crude extract of Aspergillus niger KG79. Xylanase I was most active at pH 5.0, whereas xylanse II at pH 4.0 Both enzymes demonstrated their maximum activity at 45$^{\circ}C$. They were relatively stable between pH 4.0 and 6.0 at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. Molecular weight of xylanse I and II were 12, 500 and 11, 500, respectively. Michaelis-Menten constants of xylanse I and II were 0.28% and 0.26% of xylan, respectively. Both enzymes could degrade commercial D-xylan to xylose, xylobiose, and xylotriose to the degree of about 10% of total reducing power. Xylanse I could, however, liberate arabinose from barley straw xylan in addition to xylose and xylooligasaccharides more rapidly than xylanase II. The degree of hydrolysis was about 25%. The reconstituted D-xylanase system with purified xylanases and $\beta$-xylosidase degraded commercial xylan and barley straw xylan to the degree of 28% and 54% respectively. The limit of hydrolysis by the enzymes was suggested to be resulted from the physical structure of the substrate.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.560-567
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• 2018

In the present study, we tried to examine whether resveratrol regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) through affecting nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) in articular chondrocytes. Rabbit articular chondrocytes were cultured in a monolayer, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to measure interleukin-${\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$)-induced gene expression of MMP-3, MMP-1, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 (ADAMTS-4), ADAMTS-5 and type II collagen. Effect of resveratrol on $IL-1{\beta}$-induced secretion of MMP-3 was investigated in rabbit articular chondrocytes using western blot analysis. To elucidate the action mechanism of resveratrol, effect of resveratrol on $IL-1{\beta}$-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling pathway was investigated in SW1353, a human chondrosarcoma cell line, by western blot analysis. The results were as follows: (1) resveratrol inhibited the gene expression of MMP-3, MMP-1, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5, but increased the gene expression of type II collagen; (2) resveratrol reduced the secretion of MMP-3; (3) resveratrol inhibited $IL-1{\beta}$induced activation (phosphorylation) of inhibitory kappa B kinase (IKK), and thus phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory kappa $B{\alpha}$ ($I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$); (4) resveratrol inhibited $IL-1{\beta}$-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65. This, in turn, led to the down-regulation of gene expression of MMPs in SW1353 cells. These results suggest that resveratrol can regulate the expression of MMPs through affecting $NF-{\kappa}B$ by directly acting on articular chondrocytes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.95-103
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• 2008

Mushrooms are regarded as one of the well-known foods and biopharmaceutical materials with a great deal of interest. Polysaccharide ${\beta}$-glucan is the major component of mushrooms that displays various biological activities such as antidiabetic, anticancer, and antihyperlipidemic effects. In this study, we compared the immunostimulatory potency of polysaccharide fractions, prepared from liquid culture of pine-mushroom Tricholoma matsutake, with a potent immunogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and their molecular mechanisms on the functional activation of macrophages. We found that fraction II (TMF-II) was able to comparably upregulate or highly enhance the phenotypic functions of macrophages such NO production and cytokine (IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-${\alpha}$) expression, to LPS. TMF-II triggered the phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, a critical step for NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and translocation. Of the upstream signaling enzymes tested, Src and Akt were thought to be the responsible upstream signaling components in induction of NO production, although TMF-II strongly upregulated the phosphorylation of all MAPK pathways. Therefore, our data suggest that T. matsutake-derived ${\beta}$-glucan may exert its immunostimulating activities with similar potency to LPS via activation of multiple signaling pathways linked to NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.103-115
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• 2006

[ ${\beta}-Glucan$ ] is a glucose polymer that has linkage of ${\beta}-(1,3)$, -(1,4) and -(1,6). As exclusively found in fungal and bacterial cell wall, not in animal, ${\beta}-glucans$ are recognized by innate immune system. Dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages possesses pattern recognition molecule (PRM) for binding ${\beta}-glucans$ as pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). Recently ${\beta}-glucans$ receptor was cloned from DC and named as dectin-l which belongs to type II C-type lectin family. Human dectin-l is consisted of 7 exons and 6 introns. The polypeptide of dectin-l has 247 amino acids and has cytoplasmic, transmembrane, stalk and carbohydrate recognition domains. Dectin-l could recognize variety of beta-l,3 and/or beta-l,6 glucan linkages, but not alpha-glucans. In our macrophage cell line culture system, dectin-l mRNA was detected in RA W264.7 cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Dectin-l was also detected in the murine organs of spleen, thymus, lung and intestines. Treatment of RA W264.7 cells with ${\beta}-glucans$ of Ganoderma lucidum (GLG) resulted in increased expression of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the presence of LPS. However, GLG alone did not increase IL-6 nor $TNF-{\alpha}$ These results suggest that receptor dectin-l cooperate with CD14 to activate signal transduction that is very critical in immunoresponse.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.217-224
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• 2000

Background : It is well known that when macrophages are stimulated with endotoxin, they produce a wide variety of cytokine mediators, including TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$. However, there is an alteration in the macrophages' responsiveness when they are challenged with repeated bouts of endotoxin, termed "endotoxin tolerance" which is regarded as a self-protective phenomenon from continuous stimulation. In this study, endotoxin tolerance in the peripheral blood monocytes of sepsis patients was evaluated. Methods : Fourteen patients with organism-documented sepsis were included. The severity of illness was evaluated by APACHE II score. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from the patients and diluted to $1{\times}10^5$ well. After stimulation with endotoxin (LPS of E. coli O114 : B4, 100 ng/ml), they were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ in 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 24 hours. Supernatant was collected for the measurement of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ with ELISA method. Peripheral blood monocytes of seven healthy volunteers were used as control. Results : The APACHE II score (mean$\pm$SD) of the patients at the time of blood sampling was 12.2$\pm$5.7. The primary infection foci were urinary tract infection, pneumonia, subacute bacterial endocarditis, and catheter related infection, etc. The causative organisms were gram negative rods (10 cases), gram positive cocci (6 cases) with two cases of mixed infection. Serum TNF-$\alpha$ could be measured in 4 cases with 29.9$\pm$27.7 pg/ml. Serum IL-1$\beta$was measurable in only one patient. The TNF-$\alpha$ level of supernatant of cultured peripheral blood monocytes was 2,703$\pm$2,066 pg/ml in patients and 2,102$\pm$1914 pg/ml in controls. The IL-1$\beta$level of supernatant was 884$\pm$1,050 pg/ml in patients and 575$\pm$558 pg/ml in controls. There was no difference of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ level between patients and controls. Conclusion : We cannot prove the phenomenon of endotoxin tolerance in this study. Future study needs to be focused on the more severe sepsis patients who were taken for sampling earlier. Addition of serum to the culture medium could be an another valuable option for the success of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.170-176
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• 1968

In order to attempt the quantitative correlation of nucleophilic addition(not nucleopbilic substitution) reactivity of nucleophile, the addition constants of ethyl and isopropyl mercaptan to 3,4-methylenedioxy-$\beta$-nitrostyrene were determined and found to be $6.82{\times}10^7 $ and $2.86{\times}10^7 M^{-2},\;sec^{-1}$ respectively. From the rate equation obtained, the addition mechanism at basic media especially the complex addition mechanism at acidic media which has not been revealed can also be fully explained.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.148-154
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• 2003

The addition of Ni leads to the formation of protective rust layer on steel and subsequently high corrosion resistance of steel in $Cl^-$-containing environment. $\alpha$-FeOOH, $\beta$-FeOOH, $\gamma$-FeOOH and $Fe_3O_4$ are formed mainly on steels exposed to $Cl^-$-containing environment. As the first work of this kind, this study reports the influence of Ni on the oxidation behavior of $Ni_xFe_{1-x}(OH)_2$ in $Cl^-$-containing solution at two different pH regions(condition I under which the solution pH is allowed to decrease and condition I under which solution pH is maintained at 8) where $\gamma$-FeOOH and $Fe_3O_4$ are predominantly formed, respectively, upon oxidation of $Fe(OH)_2$, In the presence of Ni(II) in the starting solution, the formation of $\beta$-FeOOH was facilitated and the formation of $\gamma$-FeOOH was suppressed with increasing Ni(II) content and with increasing oxidation rate of Fe(II). Ni(II) was found to have $Fe_3O_4$-suppressing effect under condition II.