• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.248-257
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• 2008

Coal liquefaction technology was established in Germany in 1920s. Coal liquefaction refers to the process in which coal is converted into liquid fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil under certain conditions. Coal liquefaction is usually classified into direct coal liquefaction (DCL) and indirect coal liquefaction (ICL). Various technologies for coal liquefaction, conducted between 1970s and 2000s, resulted in the development and optimization of a communication ready technology for the production of petroleum substitutes as refinery feedstocks. The purpose of this paper is to review the research, development and demonstration of coal liquefaction. In these respects, various DCL and ICL processes under development were illustrated and compared. Also, the status and perspective of coal liquefaction projects in the world were viewed. Considering the scale, and technical difficulties of domestic coal liquefaction, the project has be leaded by the government.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.363-368
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• 1982

Ultraviolet spectrophotometric investigations were carried out on the systems of pyridine with iodine, iodine monobromide and iodine monochloride in carbon tetrachloride. The results reveal the formation of the one to one molecular complexes of the type, $C_5H_5N{\cdot}I_2$, $ C_5H_5$N{\cdot}IBr and $ C_5H_5N{\cdot}ICl$. Considering ${\lambda}_max$ according to the formation of charge transfer complexes has the blue shift with the increasing temperatures$25, 40, 60^{\circ}C$ the equilibrium constants K and molar absorptivities $\varepsilon$ of complexes were obtained. From these values, the thermodynamic parameters ${\Delta}H$, ${\Delta}G$ and ${\Delta}S$ for the formation of the above charge transfer complexes were obtained. These results indicate that the relative stabilities of iodine, iodine monobromide and iodine monochloride complexes with pyridine increase in the order, $ C_5H_5N{\cdot}I_2$ < $ C_5H_5N{\cdot}IBr$ <$ C_5H_5N{\cdot}ICl$. This may be a measure of relative acidity of halogen and interhalogen toward pyridine and can be explained by the polarizabilities of electron acceptors and the difference of electronegativities of halogen atoms.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1055-1062
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• 2014

We investigated the expression of cucumber genes involved in lipid mobilization and metabolism during cotyledon development to compare gene activity and to study the direction of carbon (acetyl unit) transport between glyoxysomes and mitochondria. The core metabolic pathway involving 10 genes was examined in four intracellular compartments: glyoxysomes (peroxisomes), mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytosol. Additionally, we tested the early germination response of dark-grown seedlings and the immediate light response for a further 3 days. According to the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 3-L-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase 2 (Thio2), isocitrate lyase (ICL), and malate synthase (MS), the genes involved in storage lipid mobilization showed a similar and consistent pattern of gene expression in seedling development. Furthermore, coordinate expression of the A BOUT DE SOUFFLE (BOU) gene with ICL and MS during seedling emergence pointed to a possible secondary route of acetyl unit (acetyl-CoA) transport between peroxisomes and mitochondria in cucumber. The expression of the BOU gene was light dependent, as shown by BOU activity in Arabidopsis, suggesting that the dark condition also results in weak membrane biogenesis. In addition, several genes were active throughout the development of the green cotyledon, even during senescence. In conclusion, this study summarizes oil-seed germination and gene expression during cucumber cotyledon development and proposes an additional route for acetyl unit transport.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1027-1036
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• 1991

This paper proposes an implementation of ODIF(Open Document Interchange Format)decoder and PostScript converter. AS ODIF data stream based on IS 8613 is described according to ASN.1 notation it is necessary to decode ODIF data stream to the proper internal structure to PostScript format as proposed in order to make hard copies in good quality using LBP(Laser Beam Printer). Among several kinds of DA(Document Architecture) and DAP(Document Application Profile). PDA(Processable DA) and Core 26(Level 2 DAP) are selected for our study. An ODIF data stream submitted by ICL is used to show the conformance in the level of data stream.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4971-4987
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• 2019

Node localization is the basic task of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Most of the existing underwater localization methods rely on ranging accuracy. Due to the special environment conditions in the ocean, beacon nodes are difficult to deploy accurately. The narrow bandwidth and high delay of the underwater acoustic communication channel lead to large errors. In order to reduce the ranging error and improve the positioning accuracy, we propose a localization algorithm based on ranging correction and inertial coordination. The algorithm can be divided into two parts, Range Correction based Localization algorithm (RCL) and Inertial Coordination based Localization algorithm (ICL). RCL uses the geometric relationship between the node positions to correct the ranging error and obtain the exact node position. However, when the unknown node deviates from the deployment area with the movement of the water flow, it cannot communicate with enough beacon nodes in a certain period of time. In this case, the node uses ICL algorithm to combine position data with motion information of neighbor nodes to update its position. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm greatly improves the positioning accuracy of unknown nodes compared with the existing localization methods.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.46-49
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• 1966

The systems of bromobenzene with chlorine and iodine monobromide in carbon tetrachloride have been investigated at $25^{\circ}$ by means of ultraviolet spectrophotometric measurements. The results indicate the formation of one to one molecular complexes, $C_6H_5Br{\cdot}Cl_2$ and $C_6H_5Br{\cdot}IBr$, in solution. The equilibrium constants obtained at $25^{\circ}$ for the formation of these two complexes are 0.0485 and $0.183l{\cdot}mole^{-1}$, respectively. Comparison of these results with those reported in the literature on other complexes of similar type shows that the relative stabilities of the complexes decrease in the following orders: $ICl>IBr>I_2>Br_2>Cl_2$Benzene > bromobenzene > chlorobenzene.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.169-173
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• 1965

The results of ultraviolet spectrophotometric investigations on the system of chlorobenzene with iodine, chlorine and iodine monobromide in carbon tetrachloride at $25^{\circ}$ indicate the formation of one to one molecular complexes, $C_6H_5Cl{\cdot}I_2,\;C_6H_5Cl{\cdot}Cl_2\;and\;C_6H_5Cl{\cdot}IBr.$ The equilibrium constants obtained at $25^{\circ}$ for the complex formations are 0.106, 0.0400 and 0.109 $lmole^{-1}$, respectively. These results combined with those reported in the literature reveal the following order as the relative stabilities of complexes with aromatics and with halogens or interhalogens, respectively. $ICl>IBr>I_2>Br_2>Cl_2$. Benzene>Chlorobenzene.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.1141-1146
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• 2009

The compressibility of clay has been expressed e-log p' graph. In natural clay, e-log p' graph are changed by deposition condition and chemical cementation as well as Atterberg limits, whereas in reconstituted clay, it is generally known that e-log p’ curve is varied with Atterberg limits. However, e-log p' graph is possible to change according to the reconstituting methods and test conditions. In this study, consolidation tests are performed as various test condition for reconstituted Busan clay. Test results show that the relationship e/$e_L$ and log p' is almost constant with $e_L$. And the compression index obtained from slurry method sample is larger than one obtained from kneading method sample. Intrinsic compression line (ICL) of Busan clay is identical with ICL suggested by Burland.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.380-387
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• 1997

Phytopathogenic Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc) LY34 causes plant tissue maceration by secretion of pectinolytic enzymes such as pectate Iyase (PL) existed as multiple isoenzyme form. Genomic DNA from Ecc LY34 was digested with Sau3Al and ligated into the BamHI site of pBluescript ll $SK^+$. Among them, a clone hydrolyzing polypectate was selected and its DNA was digested with BamHI. Through the subsequent subcloning the resulting 3.1 kb fragment, corresponding to a peICI, was subcloned into pLYPA 100. The structural organization of a peICI gene encoding a 374 amino acid residues consists of an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,122 bp commencing with a ATG start codon and followed by a TAA stop codon. PeICI contained a typical prokaryotic signal peptide of 22-amino acid. Since the deduced amino acid sequences of PeICl protein was very similar to those of PelIII of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, and to those of Pel3 of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica, and to those of PeIC of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, it belong to the same family PLbc group. The 374-amino acld PeICI had a calculated Mr of 40,507 and pI of 7.60.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 1990

The molecular structural properties of amylopectins of Chunmabyeo(Japonica), Yongmunbyeo($Indica{\times}Japonica$) and Mahatma(Indica) rice were investigated. The intrinsic viscosity of Chunmabyeo, Yongmunbyeo and Mahatma amylopectin were 148.3 ml/g, 156.6 ml/g and 167.5 ml/g, and ${\beta}-amylolysis$ limit(%) were 54.6, 55.4 and 52.9 respectively. Average unit chain length(${\overline{CL}}$) and average inner chain length(${\overline{ICL}}$) of Mahatma amylopectin were longer than other varieties. Elution profiles by Sephadex G-50 chromatography of debranched amylopectins with ${\beta}-amylase$ showed two peaks (void volume, ${\overline{DP}}$3) and the elution profiles of debranched amylopectins with pullulanase showed three peaks(void volume, ${\overline{DP}}$35-45, ${\overline{DP}}$10-20). The ratio of Peak III(${\overline{DP}}$10-20) to Peak II (${\overline{DP}}$ 35-45) of Chunmbyeo, Yongmunbyeo and Mahatma amylopectin were 3.9, 3.4 and 3.3, respectively.