• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1643-1647
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• 2013

Background: To identify the risk factors and assess the role of survivin in predicting progessivity precancerous cervical lesions. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted from October 2009 until May 2010. We obtained 74 samples, classified according to the degree of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): 19 samples for CIN 1, 18 samples for CIN 2, 18 samples for CIN 3, and 19 samples as controls. Demographic profiles and risk factors assesment, histopathologic examination, HPV DNA tests, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for survivin expression were performed on all samples. Data was analyzed with bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed significant risk factors for developing precancerous cervical lesions are age <41 years, women with ${\geq}2$ sexual partners, course of education ${\geq}13$ years, use of oral contraceptives, positive high-risk HPV DNA, and high survivin expression by ICC or IHC staining. These factors were fit to a prediction model and we obtained a scoring system to predict the progressivity of CIN lesions. Conclusions: Determination of survivin expression by immunocytochemistry staining, along with other significant risk factors, can be used in a scoring system to predict the progressivity of CIN lesions. Application of this scoring system may be beneficial in determining the action of therapy towards the patient.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.215-238
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• 2012

This paper is to review the interim measures of arbitral tribunals in international commercial arbitration and to compare the emergency arbitrator systems of international arbitration institutions including the ICDR, SCC, SIAC, ACICA, and ICC. Most arbitration legislation and arbitration rules permit the arbitral tribunal to grant orders for interim measures of protection. Orders for interim measures by the arbitral tribunal are not self-enforcing. However, the revised articles with regard to interim measures of UNCITRAL Model Law of 2006 are regarded to contribute significantly to the effectiveness of interim measures in international commercial arbitration. A party that needs urgent interim or conservatory measures that cannot await the constitution of an arbitral tribunal may make an application for such measures. Major international arbitration institutions have their own rules and provisions for the emergency arbitrator system, which was set forth first by the ICRD in 2006. The application requirements for emergency arbitrators are almost the same. However, there are significant differences in details such as appointments and applications for challenging emergency arbitrators, the process and form of the emergency arbitrator's decision, etc. Therefore, it will be necessary to consider these differences for more desirable emergency arbitrator proceedings in Korea.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.18
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• pp.27-62
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• 2002

The international sale contract is the central contracts in export-import transactions. A good sale contract or set of general conditions of sale will cover all the principal elements of the transaction, so that uncertainties are avoided. The parties' respective duties as concern the payment mechanism, transport contract and insurance responsibilities, inter alia, will all be clearly detailed in the contract. The following key clauses should be included in international contracts of sale and general conditions of sale: ${\bullet}$ preamble ${\bullet}$ identification of parties ${\bullet}$ description of goods ${\bullet}$ price and payment conditions ${\bullet}$ delivery periods and conditions ${\bullet}$ inspection of the goods - obligations and limitations ${\bullet}$ quantity or quality variations in the products delivered ${\bullet}$ reservation of title and passing of property rights ${\bullet}$ transfer of risk - how accomplished ${\bullet}$ seller's warranties and buyer's complaints ${\bullet}$ assignment of rights ${\bullet}$ force majeure clause and hardship clause ${\bullet}$ requirement that amendments and modifications be in writing ${\bullet}$ choice of law ${\bullet}$ choice of dispute resolution mechanism Under most systems of law, a party can be excused from a failure to perform a contract obligation which is caused by the intervention of a totally unforeseeable event, such as the outbreak of war, or an act of God such as an earthquake or hurricane. Under the American commercial code (UCC) the standard for this relief is one of commercial impracticability. In contrast, many civil law jurisdictions apply the term force majeure to this problem. Under CISG, the standard is based on the concept of impediments to performance. Because of the differences between these standards, parties might be well advised to draft their own force majeure, hardship, or excusable delays clause. The ICC publication, "Force Majeure and Hardship" provides a sample force majeure clause which can be incorporated by reference, as well as a hardship clause which must be expressly integrated in the contract. In addition, the ICC Model provides a similar, somewhat more concise formulation of a force majeure clause. When the seller wishes to devise his own excusable delays clause, he will seek to anticipate in its provision such potential difficulties as those related to obtaining government authorisations, changes in customs duties or regulations, drastic fluctuations in labour, materials, energy, or transportation prices, etc.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.303-308
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop three-dimensional computerized anthropometry(3DCA) and to compare its reliability and accuracy 3DCA with manual anthropometry(MA) for measurement of lips and nasal deformities in unilateral cleft lips and palate(UCLP) patients. Methods: Samples were consisted of six UCLP patients whose facial plaster models were available immediately before and 3 months after the cleft lip surgery. MA of the facial plaster models was carried out using an electronic caliper. In 3DCA, three-dimensional auto-measuring program was used to digitize landmarks and to measure three-dimensional virtual facial models (3DVFM), which was generated with a laser scanner and 3D virtual modeling program. Intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC) were calculated to evaluate reliability and reproducibility of the variables in both methods, and Wilcoxon's signed rank test was done to investigate the difference in values of the same variables of facial models of each patient between two methods. Results: All ICC values were higher than 0.8, so both methods could be considered reliable. Although most variables showed statistical differences between two methods(p<0.05), differences between mean values were very small and could be considered not significant in clinical situation. Conclusion: In clinical situation, 3DCA can be an objective, reliable and accurate tool for evaluation of lips and nasal deformities in the cleft patients.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2023

Purpose: A fully digital approach to oral prosthodontic rehabilitation requires the possibility of combining (i.e., registering) digital documentation from different sources. This becomes more complex in an edentulous jaw, as fixed dental markers to perform reliable registration are lacking. This validation study aimed to evaluate the reproducibility of 1) intraoral scanning and 2) soft tissue-based registration of an intraoral scan with a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan for a fully edentulous upper jaw. Materials and Methods: Two observers independently performed intraoral scans of the upper jaw in 14 fully edentulous patients. The palatal vault of both surface models was aligned, and the inter-observer variability was assessed by calculating the mean inter-surface distance at the level of the alveolar crest. Additionally, a CBCT scan of all patients was obtained and a soft tissue surface model was generated using patient-specific gray values. This CBCT soft tissue model was registered with the intraoral scans of both observers, and the intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC) was calculated to evaluate the reproducibility of the registration method. Results: The mean inter-observer deviation when performing an intraoral scan of the fully edentulous upper jaw was 0.10±0.09 mm. The inter-observer agreement for the soft tissue-based registration method was excellent(ICC=0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.98). Conclusion: Even when teeth are lacking, intraoral scanning of the jaw and soft tissue-based registration of an intraoral scan with a CBCT scan can be performed with a high degree of precision.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.720-726
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• 2001

This paper describes a vehicle driving-load estimation method for application to vehicle Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC). Vehicle driving-load consists of aerodynamic force, rolling resistance, and gravitational force due to road slope and is unknown disturbance in a vehicle dynamic model. The vehicle driving-load has been estimated from engine and wheel speed measurements using a vehicle dynamic model a least square method. The estimated driving-load has been used in the adaptation of throttle/brake control law. The performance of the control law has been investigated via both simulation and vehicle tests. The simulation and test results show that the proposed control law can provide satisfactory vehicle-to-vehicle distance control performance for various driving situations.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.693-700
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• 2020

This study compared the accuracy and reliability of definitive casts fabricated from a digital impression and conventional impression technique. A master model with the prepared upper full-arch tooth was used. Samples of ten plaster models and ten polyurethane models were duplicated using a selected standard master model. Six linear measurements were recorded between the landmarks, directly on each of the stone models and the polyurethane models on two occasions by a double examiner. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test, interclass correlation coefficient (ICC), measurement error (MSE), and limit of agreement (LoA) were used for statistical analysis. The ICC ranged from 0.76 to 0.99 when comparing the stone models and polyurethane models. The mean difference between the stone models and polyurethane models ranged from 0.09mm to 0.20mm, suggesting that stone models might be slightly larger than polyurethane models. Based on this study, the accuracy of the polyurethane models in evaluating the performance of an oral scanner and subtractive technology was acceptable. Further studies will be needed on patient subjects under clinical conditions that may involve missing or malpositioned teeth and fixed dental prostheses because this study was limited to use a standard master model and duplicated sample models in a laboratory setting.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3477-3482
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• 2014

Objective: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of extra-intestinal cancer, whereas its impact on cholangiocarcinoma (CC) remains unknown. The aim of this study was to obtain a reliable estimate of the risk of CC in IBD patients through a meta-analysis of clinical observational studies. Methods: Relevant studies were retrieved by searching PUBMED, EMBASE and Web of Science Databases up to Dec 2013. Four population-based case-control and two cohort studies with IBD were identified. Summary relative risk (RR) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. Potential sources of heterogeneity were detected using subgroup analyses. Results: The pooled risk estimate indicated IBD patients were at increased risk of CC (RR = 2.63, 95%CI = 1.47-4.72). Moreover, the increased risk of CC was also associated with Crohn's disease (RR = 2.69, 95%CI = 1.59-4.55) and ulcerative colitis (RR = 3.40, 95%CI = 2.50-4.62). In addition, site-specific analyses revealed that IBD patients had an increased risk of intrahepatic CC (ICC) (RR = 2.61, 95%CI = 1.72-3.95) and extrahepatic CC (ECC) (RR = 1.47, 95%CI = 1.10-1.97). Conclusions: This study suggests the risk of CC is significantly increased among IBD patients, especially in ICC cases. Further studies are warranted to enable definite conclusions to be drawn.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.92-110
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• 2012

An active policy role is suggested for collaboration that will enhance national level Science and Technology (S&T) capabilities. In contrast, some studies see a limited role of policy support for collaborative S&T research at the individual level (including research groups or institutional levels) due to their self-organizing nature. Two views on S&T collaboration look at different levels but existing research largely ignores the context of developing countries. This paper shows how S&T collaborations between Brazil and Korea have developed over the past two decades. The paper indicates the gaps between initiation and the actual establishment of collaborative research at national and individual levels, differences in the focus areas of research, differences in resources and project planning, and the nature of collaborations. Collaborative research activities at the national level were initiated before the individual level but activated later than the individual level; in addition, the focus areas of research were laid down earlier at the national level with individual collaborations focused on different areas. Project types remained different at each level (i.e. top-down and bottom-up) or with a slightly changing mix. This study suggests appropriate policy measures (such as the timely and effective information collection of activities at different levels and proactive coordination) that could reduce the gaps in the timing and alignment of research areas. This paper also alludes to an evolutionary model to develop S&T collaboration among developing countries.

• Journal of Korea Planning Association
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.129-138
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• 2019

This study aims to empirically examine the relationship between building energy consumption and building and local factors in Seoul. Building energy issue is an important topic for low carbon and eco-friendly city development. Building physical, socio-economic and environmental factors effect to increasing or decreasing energy consumption. However, there are different characteristic in each area, and this kind of variable has a hierarchical structure. The multi-level model was used to consider the hierarchical structure of the variables. In this study, a multi-level model was applied to confirm the difference between areas. Spatial area is Seoul, Korea and the temporal scope is August, summer season. As the result, in Model 1 (Null Model), ICC is 0.817. This shows that the energy consumption differs by 8.174% due to factors at the Dong level. Model 2 (Random Intercept Model) suggests that building's physical factors and Average age, Household size and Land price in Dong level have significant effects on Building energy consumption. In Model 3 (Random Coefficient Model), random effect variables have intercepts and slopes to vary across groups. This study provides a perspective for policy makers that the building energy reduction policies to be applied for buildings should be differently applied on area. Furthermore, not only physical factors but also socio-economic and environmental factors are important when making energy reduction policy.