• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1039-1045
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• 2003

Functional healthy drinks were processed with freeze dried powders of ethanol extract from of defatted safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) seed cake and some useful components of the drinks were investigated. Yield of freeze dried powder was the highest as 8.42% when it extracted with 60% ethanol (60% EFDP). Each drink contained 0.02% of freeze dried powder and ranged 10.6∼13.8% of soluble solid, 2.90∼3.68 of pH, 0.10∼0.83% of titratable acidity. ‘L’ value of drink-I (DSD-I) was the highest as 94.82$\pm$2.45, ‘b’ and ‘a’ value of drink-V (DSD-V) was highest as 27.15-2.65 and 28.67$\pm$2.69, respectively. Major free sugars of drink were 6015.3∼7918.2 mg% of glucose and 1511.4∼2091.0 mg% of sucrose. The content of citric acid was the highest as 179.2∼981.3 mg%. The content of total phenol in 60% EFDP was 99.17 mg% and that of drink-II(DSD-II) and DSD-V was 307.84 mg% and 224.06 mg%, respectively. Total flavonoid was contained as 50.29 mg% in 80% ethanol extract (80% EFDP) and 125.20 mg% in DSD-V. N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl] ferulamide (serotonin-I) was determined as high as 18.81 ppm in 80% EFDP and ranged 2.42∼2.89 ppm in drinks. N-[2-(5-hydroxy-lH-indol-3yl)ethyl]-p-coumaramide (serotonin-II) was determined as 30.17 ppm in 80% EFDP and ranged 3.79∼4.59 ppm in drinks. Acacetin, flavonoid compound were 9.83 ppm in amyloglucosidase hydrosis + 60% ethanol extract (A + 60% EFDP) and ranged 0.98∼1.26 ppm in drinks. Electron donating ability (EDA, %) was measured and compared with 100 ppm BHA as chemical antioxidant. EDA was 93.97$\pm$2.21% in A+60% EFDP, 94.79$\pm$2.26% in DSD-I, 94.69$\pm$1.37% in DSD-II, and 93.83$\pm$1.49% in BHA. DSD-II added with hot water extract solution from Korean ginseng and safflower yellow pigment recorded the highest sensory score.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.498-502
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• 2005

Three Korean soybean varieties - Shinpaldal-2, Seomoktae and Seoritae - were investigated for changes in their physical properties and the amount of functional components (i.e. isoflavones and oligosaccharides), during germination. Soybeans were germinated at $20^{\circ}C$ for 96 hr in complete darkness. The dry weights of cotyledone, hypocotyl, seed coat, and hilum of Seoritae were heavier than those of other varieties. The dry weights of the three bean varieties decreased steadily in spite of root growth. The largest amount of isoflavone content was observed from Shinpaldal-2 (1.824 mg/g), followed by Seoritae (1.216 mg/g) and Seomoktae (1.125 mg/g). Total isoflavone content increased by 13% during initial germination, and then decreased thereafter. Aglycone types such as daidzein and genistein dominated the increase in isoflavone contents. The increase in genistein content of Shinpaldal-2 was 17.5 fold compared with ungerminated soybean, while the amount of daidzein was 6.7 times as much as ungerminated Shinpaldal-2 over an 18-hr germination period. Oligosaccharide contents such as raffinose (Raf) and stachyose (Sta) rapidly decreased during germination, while the sucrose (Sue) content remained constant until 36-48 hr of germination. From these results, it was clearly shown that the germination process significantly changed the contents of functional nutrients in soybeans. Therefore, the optimization of germination process should be considered to improve the biological functionality of soybeans in food processing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.235-235
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• 2017

Chromium (Cr) toxicity is hazardous to the seed germination, growth, and development of plants. ${\gamma}$-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid and is involved in stress tolerance in plants. To investigate the effects of GABA in alleviating Cr toxicity, we treated eight-d-old mustard (Brassica juncea L.) seedlings with Cr (0.15 mM and 0.3 mM $K_2CrO_4$, 5 days) alone and in combination with GABA ($125{\mu}M$) in a semi-hydroponic medium. The roots and shoots of the seedlings accumulated Cr in a dose-dependent manner, which led to an increase in oxidative damage [lipid peroxidation; hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) content; superoxide ($O{_2}^{{\cdot}-}$) generation; lipoxygenase (LOX) activity], MG content, and disrupted antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Chromium stress also reduced growth, leaf relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll (chl) content but increased phytochelatin (PC) and proline (Pro) content. Furthermore, supplementing the Cr-treated seedlings with GABA reduced Cr uptake and upregulated the non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate, AsA; glutathione, GSH) and the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glyoxalase I (Gly I), and glyoxalase II (Gly II), and finally reduced oxidative damage. Adding GABA also increased leaf RWC and chl content, decreased Pro and PC content, and restored plant growth. These findings shed light on the effect of GABA in improving the physiological mechanisms of mustard seedlings in response to Cr stress.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.125-131
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• 2003

Physiological activities of hot water extracts of 10 commercial instant curry powders and 6 spices, were investigated. All spice extracts except ginger showed significant antioxidant activities on the autoxidation of linoleic curry acid (p＜0.01). Antioxidant activities of clove and fennel were significantly higher than ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, instant curry powders, and other spices, Red pepper $(52.8{\pm}2.13%)$, clove, and coriander showed significant inhibitory activities against angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (p＜0.001). Cytotoxic effects of instant curry powder and spices against human cancer cell lines were examined through MTT assay. Black pepper $(29.31{\pm}2.21%\;cytotoxic\;rate)$ and cardamon $(19.41{\pm}3.92%)$ were effective against MCF-7 (p＜0.01), Clove $(42.92{\pm}5.57%)$ against HeLa (p＜0.01). Ginger $(34.21{\pm}1.11%)$, cardamon, and black pepper against A172 (p＜0.001), garlic $(82.88{\pm}0.53%)$ against SN12C (p＜0.001), garlic $(71.63{\pm}0.38%)$, red pepper, ginger, fenugreek, SPC, cumin, and MPC against SNU-638 (p＜0.001), and cassia $(82.84{\pm}16.92%)$ against A549 (p＜0.001).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.508-514
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• 2004

A fluxgate magnetic sensor consists of a solenoid excitation coil, pick-up coil, and magnetic core. We presents the effect of magnetic core shape in a micromachined fluxgate sensor. To observe the performance of fluxgate sensor with magnetic core side width and gap, side width of 125 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, 250 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and 500 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ were designed in a rectangular-ring shaped core and the gaps of 0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, 50 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and 100 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ were also fabricated in a racetrack shaped core. The solenoid coils and magnetic core were separated by benzocyclobutane(BCB) which had high insulation and good planarization characters. Copper coil patterns of 10 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ width and 6${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thickness were electroplated on Ti(300 $\AA$) / Cu(1500 $\AA$) seed layers. 3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thick N $i_{0.8}$F $e_{0.2.}$(permalloy) film for the magnetic core was also electroplated under 2000 gauss to induce the magnetic anisotropy. The magnetic core had the high DC effective permeability of ∼1,300 and coercive field of ∼0.1 Oe. Because the magnetic cores of 500 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ side width and 0 gap had a low magnetic flux leakage, high sensitivity of ∼350 V/T were measured at excitation condition of 3 $V_{P-P}$ and 2 MHz square wave. The power consumption of ∼14 ㎽ was measured. The fabricated fluxgate sensor had the very small actual size of 3.0${\times}$1.7 $\textrm{mm}^2$. When two fluxgates were perpendicularly aligned in terrestrial field, their two-axis output signals were very useful to commercialize an electronic azimuth compass for the portable navigation system.m.m.m.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.366-369
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• 2000

This study was conducted to determine the effect of seeding date on the days and the accumulated temperatures to development stages, leaf emergence, and yield in spring-planted barley. Two barley varieties, Sacheon #6 in spring type (growth habit I) and Saechalssalbori in winter type (growth habit IV), were seeded on four seeding date, Feb. 23, March 4, March 13, and March 24. Growth periods to emergence, heading and maturity were shorten when seeding dates were delayed, except for the heading date of Saechalssalbori (winter type barley)at the later seeding date. The rate of leaf emergence was 0.1915 in a day, and was slightly high when seeding was delayed. The accumulated temperatures were 111-142$^{\circ}C$ for emergence, 683-756$^{\circ}C$ for heading, and 1274-1326$^{\circ}C$ for maturity. In general, the accumulated temperature to heading was higher in Saechalssalbori than in Sacheon #6 because the winter growth habit of Saechalssalbori was not removed perfectly, One-thousand grain weight and yield were reduced by delayed seeding. In order to reduce the yield when barley were planted in spying, it is desirable to select the spring type varieties, and to plant them as early as possible.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2005

This study described the phonology and reproductive potential of four species of Korean seagrasses, Zostera caespitosa, Z. caulescem, Z. Japonica and Z. marina. Z. caespitosa and Z. caulescens sampled from a mixed stand at the subtidal area of Yulpo Bay, Geojedo of the South Sea of Korea in November 2002 and August 2003. Z japonica and Z. marina occurred at the depth between the middle intertidal and shallow subtidal (<1m below mean sea level) of Seungbongdo (in Yellow Sea) samples collected in February and October 2003. The sexual reproductive phase of the four Zostera species was apparently different in timing of flowering, reproductive period, fruiting and seed maturing. Z. caespitosa flowered from February to early May $(10-16^{\circ}C)$, and its seed production completed in early May. The reproductive shoots of Z. caulescens began to appear in January $(9^{\circ}C)$, and its flowering followed from February to June $(10-19^{\circ}C)$. The flowers of Z. japonica were observed from July to September $(18-22^{\circ}C)$, and its seeds matured from August to September. The most commonly I marina flowered from April to August $(7-21^{\circ}C)$ and developed into seeds in July. Z. caulescens, the largest plant, had the highest number of seeds per shoot and longest spadix length. Z. marina, which was intermediate In size, recorded the highest reproductive potential. The study indicates that the reproductive phase and potential of the four species of seagrass from Korea are highly related to water temperature, and the populations of these species show a perennial lifespan with a low sexual reproductive input.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.125-130
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• 1975

This investigation was carried out to define the cultivation state of Ginseng seedling and to study the growth of important characters by location and correlations between characters, the results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Most of farmers culitvating ginseng seedling had not any special consideration for the improvement of soil, and they applied green manure only as basic fertilizer but they did not apply chemical fertilizer. 2. Any efforts on the improvement of ginseng seed were not found. Seed was harvested from 3 years old ginseng plant. Seedling density was 1.8 cm by 2 cm. 3. Growth of all characters showed significant differences among farms. Coefficients of variation among individual seedling plants was largest at root diameter and smallest at root length. 4. Gromth of all characters without root diameter by planted location under the shadow was poor at front row, however root diameter was shortest at back row. 5. Significant high correlatons were rocognized between root diameter and stem diameter, between leaf blade and stem diameter and between leaf blade and leaf length, but stem length were not correlated with any characters. It is noticable that negative correlations were found between stem length and root diameter, between stem length and root length and between stem length and stem diameter.