• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.189-193
• /
• 2006

This study was designed to assess the distribution of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) polymorphism among Korean patients on warfarin therapy. CYP2E1 polymorphism was analyzed at 5' flanking region of CYP2E1 gene using restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Patient characteristics including the measured internal normalized ratio (INR) were also evaluated. Based on the warfarin dose and the bleeding cases, the patients were grouped as the regular dose control, the regular dose bleeding, the low dose control, and the low dose bleeding. Total 96 patients were evaluated for both Pst I and Rsa I loci of the CYP2E1 gene and the results showed that both loci were tightly linked. Thirty-three patients(34.4%) were heterozygotes and 4 patients(4.2%) were homozygote. There was no significant difference in patient characteristics in the dose and bleeding case groups. CYP2E1 polymorphism showed a little difference among the groups but was not statistically significant, however, lower INR value was observed in homozygote genotype groups. It was also revealed that genotype allele frequencies of CYP2E1 in Korean was close to other Asian groups but was significantly different from other Caucasian and African-American populations.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.53-66
• /
• 2015

Plastic wastes, particularly polyethylene terephthalate (PET) generated from used bottled water constitute a worldwide environmental issue. Reusing the PET waste for geotechnical applications not only reduces environmental burdens of handling the waste, but also improves inherent engineering properties of soil. This paper investigated factors affecting shear strength improvement of PET-mixed residual soil. Four variables were considered: (i) plastic content; (ii) plastic slenderness ratio; (iii) plastic size; and (iv) soil particle size. A series of unconfined compression tests were performed to determine the optimum configurations for promoting the shear strength improvement. The results showed that the optimum slenderness ratio and PET content for shear strength improvement were 1:3 and 1.5%, respectively. Large PET pieces (i.e., $1.0cm^2$) were favorable for fine-grained residual soil, while small PET pieces (i.e., $0.5cm^2$) were favorable for coarse-grained residual soil. Higher shear strength improvement was obtained for PET-mixed coarse-grained residual soil (148%) than fine-grained residual soils (117%). The orientation of plastic pieces in soil and frictional resistance developed between soil particles and PET surface are two important factors affecting the shear strength performance of PET-mixed soil.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.373-382
• /
• 2000

Individual genetic susceptibilities to cancers may result from several factors including differences in xenobiotics metabolism to chemical carcinogens, DNA repair, altered oncogenes and suppressor genes, and environmental carcinogen exposures. Among them, genetic polymorphisms of metabolizing enzymes to chemical carcinogens have been recognized as a major important host factors in human cancers. They have two main types of enzymes: the phase I cytochrome P-450 mediating enzymes (CYPs) and phase II conjugating enzymes. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequencies of genotypes of phase I (CYP1A1 and CYP2E1) and phase II (NAT2) metabolizing enzymes in healthy control and head and neck cancer patients of Korean and to identify the relative high risk genotypes of these metabolizing enzymes to head and neck cancer in Korean. The author has analyzed 132 head and neck cancer patients and 113 healthy controls using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The results were as following; 1. The frequencies of genotypes of CYP1A1, CYP2E1 and NAT2 in healthy control were as following; CYP1A1 exon 7 polymorphism; Ile/Ile: Ile/Val: Val/Val = 59.3%: 36.3%: 4.4% CYP2E1 Pst I polymorphism, C1/C1: C1/C2: C2/C2 = 61.1%: 32.1%: 6.2% NAT2 polymorphism; F/F: F/S: S/S = 43.4%: 48.7%: 8.0% 2. In analysis of phase I enzyme, Val/Val genotype in CYP1A1 exon 7 polymorphism and C2/C2 genotype in CYP2E1 Pst I polymorphism were associated with relative high risks to head and neck cancers (Odds' ratio: 2.09 and 1.37, respectively). 3. Among the genotypes of NAT2 enzyme polymorphism, S/S genotype of NAT2 enzyme had 1.03 times of relative risk to head and neck cancers. 4. In combined genotyping of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, and NAT2 enzymes polymorphisms, the patients with Val/Val and C1/C1, C2/C2 and fast acetylator, and Val/Val and fast acetylator had higher relative risks than the patients with each baseline of combined genotypes (Odds' ratio: 2.82, 1.98 and 2.1, respectively). These results suggest the combined genotypes of Val/Val and C1/C1, C2/C2 and fast acetylator, and Val/Val and fast acetylator were more susceptible to head and neck cancers in Korean. And genotyping of metabolizing enzymes could be useful for predicting individual susceptibility to head and neck cancer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
• /
• v.8 no.4 s.29
• /
• pp.3-17
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to investigate experimentally and theoretically the strength and deformation of K-joints in welded Warren-type square hollow structural section truss. There are 2 types in K-joints in K-joints having one compression bracing member and one tension bracing member. One type is KP-series that brae members are rotated to $45^{\circ}$, another type is KS-series that are not rotated. Principal parameters are the ratio of the chord width to thickness (D/T=33.3, 25, 16.7), the ratio of brace width to chord width(d/D=0.4, 0.5, 0.67, 0.83, 1.0) and the ratio of eccenticity to chord height (e/D=0.25, 0.125, 0, -0.125, -0.25, -0.375, -0.5). The important results obtained from the experiments are as follow ; The strength of K-joints increase proportionally as the D/T ratio decreases, and the d/D ratio increases. But the e/D ratio has no correlation with the strength of K-joints. Generally the strength and ductility ratio of KP-series increase more than a current type(KS-series) in full ${\beta}$range.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.238-245
• /
• 2015

Purpose: This study aimed to identify time-dependent prognostic factors and demonstrate the time-dependent effects of important prognostic factors in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 3,653 patients with AGC who underwent curative standard gastrectomy between 1991 and 2005 at the Korea Cancer Center Hospital. Multivariate survival analysis with Cox proportional hazards regression was used in the analysis. A non-proportionality test based on the Schoenfeld residuals (also known as partial residuals) was performed, and scaled Schoenfeld residuals were plotted over time for each covariate. Results: The multivariate analysis revealed that sex, depth of invasion, metastatic lymph node (LN) ratio, tumor size, and chemotherapy were time-dependent covariates violating the proportional hazards assumption. The prognostic effects (i.e., log of hazard ratio [LHR]) of the time-dependent covariates changed over time during follow-up, and the effects generally diminished with low slope (e.g., depth of invasion and tumor size), with gentle slope (e.g., metastatic LN ratio), or with steep slope (e.g., chemotherapy). Meanwhile, the LHR functions of some covariates (e.g., sex) crossed the zero reference line from positive (i.e., bad prognosis) to negative (i.e., good prognosis). Conclusions: The time-dependent effects of the prognostic factors of AGC are clearly demonstrated in this study. We can suggest that time-dependent effects are not an uncommon phenomenon among prognostic factors of AGC.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.65.2-66
• /
• 2021

Observational studies of supernova (SN) feedback are limited. In our galaxy, most supernova remnants (SNRs) are located in the Galactic plane, so there is contamination from foreground/background sources. SNRs located in other galaxies are too far, so we cannot study them in detail. The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is a unique place to study the SN feedback due to their proximity, which makes possible to study the structure of individual SNRs in some detail together with their environment. Recently, we carried out a systematic study of 13 LMC SNRs using [P II] (1.189 ㎛) and [Fe II] (1.257 ㎛) narrowband imaging with SIRIUS/IRSF, four SNRs (SN 1987A, N158A, N157B and N206), show [P II]/[Fe II] ratio much higher than the cosmic abundance. While the high ratio of SN 1987A could be due to enhanced abundance in SN ejecta, we do not have a clear explanation for the other cases. We investigate the [P II] knots found in SNRs N206, N157B and N158A, using optical spectra obtained last November with GMOS-S mounted on Gemini-South telescope. We detected several emission lines (e.g., H I, [O I], He I, [O III], [N II] and [S II]) that are present in all three SNRs, among other lines that are only found in some of them (e.g., [Ne III], [Fe III] and [Fe II]). Various line ratios are measured from the three SNRs, which indicate that the ratios of N157B tend to differ from those of other two SNRs. We will use the abundances of He and N (from the detection of [N II] and He I emission lines), together with velocity measurements to tell whether the origin of the [P II] knots are SN ejecta or CSM/ISM. For this purpose we have built a family of radiative shock with self-consistent pre-ionization using MAPPINGS 5.1.18, with shock velocities in the range of 100 to 475 km/s. We will compare the observed and modeled line fluxes for different depletion factors.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.433-440
• /
• 1986

The direct current polarographic behavior of 4n-BAR in dimethylsulfoxide as an aprotic solvent have been investigated. The reduction of 4n-BAR in 0.05M sodium perchlorate solution proceeds along two one-electron steps to give the corresponding compound containing hydrazo groups, each reduction wave was considerably diffusion controlled and irreversible. By addition of acid HAc to 4n-BAR in DMSO solvent, the two reduction waves have coalesced into one in the condition M $\geq$ mole ratio, acid/reductant(M = 2), the slope of $log(i_d-i)(Mi_d/2-i)/i$/ vs. (-E) is irreversible along one-electron steps reduction waves.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.75-88
• /
• 2007

1. Objectives The purpose of this study was to objectively diagnose American male and female's production of two vowels /a, i/ by Sasang Constitution. 2. Methods It was analyzed the constitutional characteristics of the American adults voices with PSSC-2004. of 134 cases of vowels /a, i/ with a duration of $2.5{\sim}3$ seconds were inputted in PSSC-2004 and analyzed into 40 factors. 3. Results and Conclusions 1) APQ In the male group's production of vowel /a/, the Soyangin's APQ(l), APQ(3) and APQ(4) were significantly high compared with those of Taeumin and Soeumin. 2) Shimmer In the male group's production of vowel /a/, Soeumin's Octave1 Shimmer was significantly low compared with that of Taeumin and Soeumin. In the male group's production of vowel /i/, Soeumin's D-Shimmer was significantly low compared with that of Taeumin and Soeumin. In the female group's production of vowel /a/, the Soyangin's C-Shimmer was significantly high compared with that of Taeumin and Soeumin. 3) Octave In the male group's production of vowel /a/, the Soyangin's Octave3, Octave4, Octave5, Octave6 and Octave1 Ratio were significantly high compared with those of Taeumin and Soeumin. In the male group's production of vowels /a, i/, the Soyangin's Octave4 was significantly high compared with that of Taeumin and Soeumin. 4) Energy In the male group's production of vowel /a/, the Soyangin's Time Domain Total Sum /Time Domain Count, Freq Domain Total Sum /cnt(0), 0k-4k Total Sum, Dev., A(A#, C, E, D#, E, F#) tot E, and A(C,, D#, F#) Dev. were significantly high compared with those of Taeumin and Soeumin. In the male group's production of vowel /i/, the Soyangin's Time Domain Total Sum /Time Domain Count, Freq Domain Total Sum /cnt(0) and 0k-4k Total Sum, Dev. were significantly high compared with those of Taeumin and Soeumin. 5) Peak In the male group's production of vowels /a/ and /i/,, the Soyangin's Peak1 Ratio was significantly low compared with that of Taeumin and Soeumin. In the male group's production of vowels /a/ and /i/,, the Soyangin's Peak10 Ratio, Time Domain Peak Total/Total Energy Sum, Time Domain Peak Dev. and Total/Total Dev. Sum were significantly high compared with those of Taeumin and Soeumin. 6) It is necessary to expand the research of the acoustic analysis of American and Korean to other countries in the diagnosis of the Sasang Constitution by using the voice characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
• /
• 2006.09a
• /
• pp.191-192
• /
• 2006

The deformation under radial pressure of rectangular dies for metal powder compaction has been investigated by FEM. The explored variables have been: aspect ratio of die profile, ratio between diagonal of the profile and die height, insert and ring thickness, radius at die corners, interference, different insert materials, i. e. conventional HSS, HSS from powders, cemented carbide (10% Co). The analyses have ascertained the unwanted appearance of tensile normal stress on brittle materials, also "at rest", and even some dramatic changes of stress patterns as the die height increases with respect to the rectangular profile dimensions. Different materials behave differently, mainly due to difference of thermal expansion coefficients. Profile changes occur when the dies are heated up to the temperature required for warm compaction. The deformation patterns depend on compaction temperature and thermal expansion coefficients.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.23-40
• /
• 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to examine the effects of extracts of Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) on the lipid lowering, anti-oxidation and concentration of proinflammatory cytokines and was investigated on hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: Male rats weighing $182.39{\pm}4.71g$ were fed high fat diet for 8 weeks and 36 rats(above 400 g) were divided into 4 groups. Each of 9 rats was divided a control group and experimental groups. We fed a control group of rats a basal diet and administered normal saline(100 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 4 weeks. And we fed each experimental group of rats basal diet and administered an extract of Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) extracts(100 mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed to determine their chemical composition. We measured lipid of plasma and liver, concentration of proinflmmatory cytokines, anti-oxidative activity and $TNF-{\alpha}$, Apo-B, Apo-E and leptin gene expression. Results: 1. Concentration of plasma free fatty(FFA) showed no significant difference in all the treatment groups. Concentration of plasma triglyceride(TG) showed a significant decrement in the 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups than that of control group. 2. Concentration of plasma total cholesterol showed a significant decrement in the 200 and 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups than that of control group. Concentration of plasma low density lipoprotein(LDL)-cholesterol showed a Significant decrement in the 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups than that of control group. Concentration of plasma high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol showed a significant increment in the 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) group. 3. Concentration of liver total cholesterol showed a tendence to decrease in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups. Concentration of liver TG showed a significant decrement in all Ojeoksangamibang groups than that of control group. 4. Concentration of plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) showed a tendence to decrease in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups. 5. The values of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activity showed a significant increment in all Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups than that of control group. 6. The values of plasma aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) activity showed no significant different in all treatment group. 7. Concentration of plasma $interleukin(IL)-1{beta}$ showed no significant difference in all the treatment groups. Concentration of plasma IL-6 showed a significant decrement in the 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) group than that of control group. Concentration of plasma tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$ a siginifant decrement in the 200 and 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) group than that of control group. However the concentration of plasma IL-10 in the 300 mg/kg Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups showed a significant increment than that of control group. 9. In the analysis of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), gene expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$, Apo-B and Apo-E in the Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups showed a lower expression than that of control group. However the gene expression of leptin showed no difference in the treatment groups. 10. The ratio of $TNF-{\alpha}$, Apo-B, and Apo-E per ${\beta}-actin$ expression in the Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups showed a significant decrement than that of control group. However The ratio of leptin expression per ${\beta}-actin$ expression showed no significant difference among all the treatment groups. Conclusions: According to above results, in lowering lipid effect, anti-oxidation and control of pro-inflammatory cytokines production, Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) gives effect.