• 대한간호학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.32-43
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• 1974

A steady increase in the aged population poses a great challenge to nurses with their diversities of health care needs, especially of psychological nature, such as an alienation problems among the aged. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature of alienation problems among the aged in urban areas to provide basic informations for a better understanding of aged people. In this study, the investigator has tried to identify causes of alienation in the aged, and to determine the extent of alienation in relation to sex, family structure, religion, economic status and participation in social activities. The survey was done during the period from the last part of August to the end of September 1973. After a day's training, 10 interviewers have interviewed 210 stratified random samples of people over the age of 65 residing in Seoul with the free-ended questionnaire prepared by the investigator. The result of the study was tested by Critical Ratio. Following Hypothesis have guides formulation of the study: I. The extent of alienation in old man would be higher than in old woman, II. The extent of alienation in the aged who live alone would be higher than those living with their family. III. The extent of alienation in the aged who have no spouse would be higher than who live with their spouse. IV. The extent of alienation in the people without religious beliefs would be higher than the people with religious biles. V. The extent of alienation in the aged would be higher in proportion to decreased level of their economic productivity. Ⅵ. The extent of alienation in the aged who do not participate in social activities would be higher than that of the aged who actively participate. The analytic results of the study are as fellows: 1. The extent of alienation in woman was revealed higher than that of man by showing significant difference at P〈0.01 level. (CR=3.66) Accordingly hypothesis I was denied. 2. The extent of alienation in the aged wile live alone was revealed higher than that of the aged who live with their family by showing a significant difference at P<0.01 level. (CR=7.31) So hypothesis II was supported. 3. The extent of alienation of the aged who have no spouse was revealed higher than that of the aged who live with their spouse at the significant level of P <0.01. CR=4.65) Accordingly hypothesis III was supported, 4. There was no significant difference in the extent of alienation between the people with and-without religion. Thus hypothesis IV was rejected. 5. The extent of alienation in the aged was found to be higher in proportion to decreased level of their economic ability. a. The aged with greatest income showed least alienation b. The aged with no income had a greater extent of alienation than the aged with minimal income by showing significant difference at P <0.01 level . (CR=4.82) c. The difference between the greatest income group and the minimal income group was. found to be less significant than the difference between minimal income group and the-people without income. Thus hypothesis V was positively supported. 6. The extent of alienation in the aged who do not participate in social activities was higher than that of the aged who actively participate. (P <0.01, CR=6.24) According1y hypothesis Ⅵ was supported.

• 한국연극학
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• 제49호
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• pp.133-169
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• 2013

Reexamining Brecht's theoretical hypotheses in terms of cognitive science, this essay arrived at several temporary interpretations. Cognitive science implies that empathy can precede the rational understanding in Verfremdungseffekt. The spectator tends to simulate the unfamiliar incident and character and feels the consequential embodied emotion that leads to the cognitive understanding. The similar situation can be found in social gestus. According to cognitive science, gesture(social gestus) is simulated in the mirror-neuron of spectator, arousing consequently the embodied emotion that triggers the succeeding understanding. The spectator apts to experience and feel physically the moving gesture before decoding it as a social signification. Brecht's intention that attempts to reveal the duality of actor and character by eliminating the fourth wall is negated by cognitive science. According to the theory of conceptual blending, the spectator under the eliminated fourth wall mixes actor and character, and simulates this blending image so that he experiences it imaginatively. As such, another kind of illusion can be formed when a fourth wall is collapsed. Meanwhile, the critical thinking of spectator Brecht wanted can be hard to occur during the performance. It is necessary for the spectator to recollect the bygone dialogue and action in terms of social context as if he presses the pause, stopping the playback while watching a play in video. In this respect the social meaning Brecht intended can be achieved more effectively by the stop motion like tableau. It would not only give the time for the spectator to consider the implied social signification, but also make him possible to decode a semiotic meaning as if interpreting a still picture. Or it can be delivered by the dialogue that expresses the playwright's critical judgement. In this case, the subject of critical thinking is not the spectator but the author. The alternative explanation that the cognitive science suggests illuminates theoretically the reasons why Brecht's theory fails to be realized in practice. In a sense, Brecht's theory is nothing but a theoretical hypothesis. It takes the premise that the emotion hinders the rational thinking, understanding emotion and reason oppositively like Plato. This assumption is negated easily by the recent cognitive science that sees the reason as a by-product of physical experience including emotion. The rational understanding, in this sense, begins from the embodied emotion. As such the cognitive science denies the dichotomy of emotion and reason that Brecht adopted. The theoretical hypothesis of cognitive science makes us recognize again the importance of bodily experience in theatre. In theatre the spectator tends to experience physically before decoding the intellectual meaning. The spectator Brecht wanted, therefore, is far from the reality. The spectator usually experiences and reacts physically before decoding the meaning critically. Thus Brecht's intention can be realized by the embodied emotion resulted from simulation. This tentative interpretation suggests that we need to pay more attention to the empirical study of spectatorship, not remaining in a speculative study.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1988년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(국내학술편); 한국전력공사연수원, 서울; 21-22 Oct. 1988
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• pp.552-555
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• 1988

In this paper, the authors introduce the concepts of neural computer systems which have been studied over 25 years in other countries. And also we illustrate the models of neural networks suggested by researchers. Our fundamental hypothesis is that these models are applicable to the construction of artificial neural systems including neural computers. Therefore we assume that neural computer systems are abstract computer systems based on the computational properties of human brains and particularly well suited for problems in vision and language understanding.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.177-188
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• 2020

The Muslim population is growing significantly in Asian countries. By conducting an experiment, this study examines the cultural differences between South Korean and Indonesian female, young adults, and their perception of hijabis who are represented in the media. The main goal of this study is to compare the perception towards hijabis in a homogenous country new to Muslims against a Muslim-majority country. Results showed that non-hijabis were deemed more physically attractive, empathetic, and enjoyable among Koreans when compared to Indonesians. Through this study, we provide a theoretical explanation using cultivation theory and (parasocial) contact hypothesisto clarify the differences between South Korea and Indonesia. Thisstudy provides a baseline of understanding to determine where both cultures are at in perceiving hijabis. Our results suggest that it will be compelling to correct media representation in order to reduce stereotypes and lead to a successful understanding of both cultures.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.73-85
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the understanding of middle school students on the meaning of proof and to suggest a teaching method to improve their understanding based on three levels identified by Kunimune as follows: Level I to think that experimental method is enough for justifying proof, Level II to think that deductive method is necessary for justifying proof, Level III to understand the meaning of deductive system. The conclusions of this study are as follows: First, only 13% of 8th graders and 22% of 9th graders are on level II. Second, although about 50% students understand the meaning of hypothesis, conclusion, and proof, they can't understand the necessity of deductive proof. This conclusion implies that the necessity of deductive proof needs to be taught to the middle school students. One of the teaching methods on the necessity of proof is to compare the nature of experimental method and deductive proof method by providing their weak and strong points respectively.

• 인지과학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.47-73
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• 1994

본 논문에서는 일반적인 도로 영상을 이해할 수 있는 시스템을 블랙보드 모델을 이용하여 구현하였다. 블랙보드에는 계층적인 구조를 갖는 여러 가지의 정보를 저장 하도록 하였으며 이들은 제어모듈의 통제에 따라 여러 개의 지식원들과 유기적으로 결 합하여 가정을 세우고 검증하므로써 도로 영상을 이해하도록 하였다. 실제의 영상을 대상으로 실험한 결과는 90% 정도의 물체를 인식하는 것을 확인하였다. 이 결과를 토 대로 무인운항에 필요한 도로 정보의 추출이 가능하다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2010

The pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been known that it is developed when the offense-primarily the gastric acid-pepsin content of the refluxate-overcomes a 3-tiered esophageal protective defense. consisting of antireflux mechanisms, luminal clearance mechanisms, and tissue resistance. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), which is known as an extraesophageal variant of GERD, has been considered to be developed by transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR), direct mucosal injury by gastric contents, more sensitive mucosa compared to esophagus, and absence of buffering effect and aggravation of the injury due to pepsin. However, hypothesis of the pathophysiology in both entities are numerous and still lack of understanding for being a theory. There is no conflict that understanding the pathophysiology is necessary for resolving the problems of these diseases and numerous studies and results have been releasing. This review could provide clinicians dealing with GERD and LPR with applicable new information and help for overcoming the clinical obstruction.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.189-199
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• 2018

연구의 목적은 컨설턴트의 능력이 컨설팅 만족도, 컨설팅 서비스 품질 및 고객 회사 컨설팅에 대한 이해에 미치는 영향을 조사하는 것이다. 본 연구결과를 요약해보면 컨설턴트 역량이 컨설팅 만족도에 영향을 미치며, 서비스 품질을 매개하여 컨설팅 만족도에 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설에 대해 대응성, 공감성, 유형성, 확신성, 신뢰성이 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 수진기업이 컨설팅에 대한 이해가 높을수록 컨설팅의 만족도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 컨설팅의 만족도를 향상하기 위해서는 컨설턴트 역량뿐만 아니라 고객의 컨설팅 이해를 향상하기 위한 노력이 기울여야 의도하는 만족도를 달성할 수 있다는 점을 시사하고 있다. 향후 수진기업 측면에서 컨설팅 만족도를 향상할 수 있는 이해도 높일 수 있는 방안에 대한 추가 후속 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 1998

과학적 사고가 논리적이라는 말은 무엇을 의미하는 것인가? 본 논문에서는 과학적 설명과 예측의 구조 및 가설의 검증 과정이 연역적인 구조로 되어 있음을 설명하였다. 과학적 설명과 예측의 구조를 보다 명확하게 나타내기 위해 3단 논법의 간단한 구조를 사용하였으며, 특히, 동역학이 바로 과학적 설명의 구조를 나타내고 있는 것임을 지적하였다. 이때, 많은 과학 활동이 과학적 설명보다는 예측 활동을 주로 함으로서 학생들이 동역학에 대한 이해 부족을 낳고 있다고 할 수 있다. 가설의 검증 과정을 설명하기 위해 심리학의 유명한 과제 중의 하나인 와슨의 선택과제를 가설로부터 (실험) 현상을 예측하는 과정과 (실험)관찰로부터 가설을 검증하는 두단계 과정으로 재해석하였다. 또한 가설 검증 과정에서의 대표적인 오류 중의 하나인 후건 긍정의 오류가 과학활동에서 왜 빈번하게 나타나는지를 설명하고 로슨의 다중가설 이론과 비교하였다. 연역적 사고에서 내용의 영향을 살펴보기 위해 심리학의 연구들과 과학자의 실제 활동에 대한 과학 심리학적 논의를 간단히 언급하였다. 나아가 실제 학생들의 과학 활동에서 연역적 사고가 어떠한 역학을 하는지를 알아보기 위해 실제 학생들의 과학 활동을 분석한 일련의 연구들을 조사 정리하였다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.172-186
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• 2003

Acupuncture therapy has demonstrated efficacy in several clinical areas, and of these areas the understanding of pain has progressed immensely in the last two decades. The underlying mechanisms of acupuncture in general and the analgesic effect in particular are still not clearly delineated. The leading hypothesis include the effects of local stimulation, neuronal gating, release of endogenous opiates, and the placebo effect. Accumulating evidence suggests that the central nervous system(CNS) is essential for the processing of these effects, via its modulation of the autonomic nervous system, neuro-immune system, and hormonal regulation. These processes tap into basic survival mechanisms. As such, understanding the effects of acupuncture within a neuroscience-based framework becomes vital. We propose a model which incorporates the stress-induced hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPA-axis) model of Akil et al., the cholinergic anti-inflamatory observations of Tracey et al., and Petrovic et al.