• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 2012

Cryopreservation induces sublethal damage to the spermatozoa, which leads to their reduced fertile life. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose as antioxidants on the function of the freezing-thawed sperm in Korean Jeju Black Bull. The semen was cryopreserved with tris egg yolk extendercontaining 7% glycerol and treated with 20mM taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose. Frozen-thawed sperms were evaluated for sperm motility, viability, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and sperm penetration ability. The results were compared to semen cryopreserved in tris egg yolk extender containing 7% glycerol only as control. Frozen-thawed semen evaluation clearlyindicated that the addition of taurine or hypotaurine significantly improved (p<0.05) the motility and viability compared to control spermatozoa. Moreover, in membrane integrity, swollen sperm ratio was significantly increased (p<0.05) in taurine, hypotaurine or trehalose compared to control. In sperm acrosome integrity, F pattern ratio was increased (p<0.05) in hypotaurine among treatments, and AR pattern was significantly lowered (p<0.05) in taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose. In assessed sperm fertilizing ability, taurine, hypotaurine or trehalose significantly improved (p<0.05) the ratio of pronucleus formation and SFI. Finally, compared with the control, addition of taurine, hypotaurine or trehalose as an antioxidant to the freezing extender showed more positive effects on the frozen-thawed spermatozoa. It is concluded that the addition of taurine, hypotaurine, or trehalose to the freezing extender could reduce cryodamage of the Korean Jeju Black Bull spermatozoa.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.64-75
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different coating materials on the quality of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during chilled storage for 10 days. Fresh shrimp were randomly divided into five groups: the control group, the hypotaurine treatment group (2%), the chitosan group (1%), the hypotaurine + chitosan group (2% hypotaurine solution with 1% of chitosan), and the sodium metabisulfite treatment group (1.25%). Compared with other treatments, the lower accumulation of total visible counts (TVC, 5.25 Log₁₀ CFU/g), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N, 22.5 mg/100 g) and thiobarbituric acid values (TBA, 0.58 mg MDA/kg) suggested that coating of chitosan-hypotaurine could retard the microbial activity, protein degradation and lipid oxidation of shrimp. Meanwhile, results demonstrated that the chitosan coating combined with hypotaurine showed an excellent performance in inhibiting quality deterioration (pH 7.5, ∆E 7.0, hardness 393 g, and elasticity 0.69). Furthermore, the melanosis degree of shrimp was alleviated, and the sensory parameters, including appearance, odor and texture, were maintained to the acceptable level by chitosan based hypotaurine treatment during the chilled storage.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.156-160
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• 2017

We investigated the effect of ethylene glycol and antioxidants such as taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose with extenders during cryopreservation of Korean Jeju Black Bull spermatozoa. The cryopreservation of freshly collected spermatozoa was conducted with four different conditions. As a control, spermatozoa were cryopreserved with Tris egg-yolk extenders added 5% ethylene glycol (EG). Taurine (20 mM), hypotaurine (20 mM) and trehalose (20 mM) were individually added into tris egg-yolk extenders with 5% EG. After thawing of frozen spermatozoa with four different conditions, sperm viability, motility, acrosomal integrity, and membrane integrity were investigated. The significant (p < 0.05) improvement of sperm viability showed in all antioxidant treated thawed spermatozoa (taurine; $68.1%{\pm}4.4$, hypotaurine; $69.2%{\pm}6.7$ and trehalose; $68.0%{\pm}4.4$) when compared to control ($63.4%{\pm}5.6$). Neither positive nor detrimental effects of three antioxidants were shown sperm motility after thawing. The results of hypo-osmotic swelling test showed that the membrane integrity of taurine, hypotaurine or trehalose treated thawed spermatozoa ($64.1%{\pm}5.4$, $61.5%{\pm}3.7$ and $59.0%{\pm}4.0$, respectively) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher rate of the swollen sperm compared to control ($53.7%{\pm}9.7$). Hypotaurine treated frozen-thawed spermatozoa had siginificantly higher (p < 0.05) F pattern ratio than taurine, trehalose and control treated frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Trehalose added frozen-thawed spermatozoa had significantly higher (p < 0.05) acrosome reaction pattern ratio than taurine and hypotaurine added frozen-thawd spermatozoa. In this study, we found that antioxidants such taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose treatments during cryopreservation process could reduce damage of spermatozoa of Korean Jeju Black Bull and improved sperm capability of fertilization.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2012

This study was designed to determine whether low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from egg yolk and taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose as antioxidant in extender improve the freezability and fertility of Korean Jeju Black Bull semen. The semen was cryopreserved with tris egg yolk extenders containing 7% glycerol and treated 4% LDL, 20 mM taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose. Frozen-thawed sperm were evaluated motility, viability, membrane, and acrosome integrity and sperm penetration ability. The results were compared to semen cryopreserved in tris egg yolk extender only as control. Frozen-thawed semen evaluation cleary indicated that the addition of LDL and LDL-antioxidants (taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose) combination were significantly improved (p<0.05) the viability (%; with staining test using eosin-Y) compared to control spermatozoa. Also, in membrane integrity (%; with supravital hypo-osmotic swelling test), not only LDL-antioxiants combination but also LDL were significantly increased (p<0.05) the swelled sperm using HOST compared to control. Sperm acrosome integrity state was classified by CTC (chlortetracycline) staining test. F pattern was significantly increased in LDL-antioxidant combination than control (p<0.05) and B pattern was not significantly differences among all treatments and control. However, AR pattern was significantly decreased in LDL-antioxidants combination than control (p<0.05). Pronucleus formation and sperm penetration index (SFI) were significantly increased in LDL and LDL-antioxidants combination than control (p<0.05). Especially, LDL-taurine significantly improved pronucleus fomation and SFI than LDL (p<0.05). It was concluded that LDL and LDL-antioxidants in extender improved the freezability and fertility of Korean Jeju Black bull spermatozoa.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.263-269
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• 2007

Although taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) can inhibit oxidative stress in both animal and epidemiological studies, it is obscure whether taurine directly scavenges oxy-radicals or indirectly regulates oxidant production and/or antioxidant defense system. The reason for this discrepancy remains unknown but may be due, in part, to the lack of a validated assay system for evaluating oxy-radical scavenging capacity. The antioxidant activities of taurine and hypotaurine (2-aminoethanesulfinic acid), a precursor of taurine, against peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrites were determined by the total oxy-radical scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay and cell-based assay using H4IIE cells. tert-Butylhydroperoxide or hydrogen peroxide-induced cell toxicity determined by MTT assay was markedly inhibited by 10mM taurine or hypotaurine. The tert-butylhydroperoxide- or hydrogen peroxide-induced changes in oxidative stress markers, such as cellular glutathione and malondialdehyde, were ameliorated by 10mM taurine or hypotaurine. However, specific TOSC values calculated from the slope of the linear regression for taurine against peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals or peroxynitrites were all less than 1 TOSC/mM. On the other hand specific TOSC values for hypotaurine against peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals or peroxynitrites were 48, 2096, or 69 TOSC/mM, respectively. These results suggest that taurine protects cells against oxidative insults, which is not ascribed to directly scavenging activity of taurine against oxy-radicals. These results support the idea that the oxidation state of sulfur in antioxidants may be a determinant of oxy-radical scavenging capacity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.231-242
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• 2022

Effect of different concentrations of hypotaurine (HTU) on melanosis and quality of shrimps during 10 d storage in ice were studied. During refrigeration, the total plate count and total volatile basic nitrogen of shrimps treated with 20 g/L HTU were the lowest, and the hardness and microstructure were the best. Moreover, the score of melanoses, pH and total bile acid of shrimps treated with 20 g/L HTU were also low. Sensory evaluation showed that HTU treatment could make the shelf life of shrimps 3-4 days longer compared with the control. Based on the above physical and chemical indexes, 20 g/L HTU showed great potential as a safe inhibitor in the treatment of shrimps' melanosis.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 1999

In order to investigate the composition of extractive nitrogenous components in the diploid and the triploid oysters, Crassostrea gigas, cultured at the south coast of Korea, the whole edible part (whole body) was analyzed into extractive nitrogen, free amino acids, oligopeptides, ATP and its related compounds, quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds using specimens collected from April to May of 1992. The major free amino acids in the diploid and the triploid were taurine, proline, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid hypotaurine, glutamine, arginine, aspartic acid, and $\beta-alanine$. There was no conspicuous difference in the constituents of free amino acids between the diploid and the triploid. A lot of hypotaurine was detected in the diploid and the triploid of oyster and the contents of them were 107 mg and 123 mg/100g, respectively. The compounds, glycinebetaine, homarine and trigonelline were found in both the diploid and the triploid. Among them, glycinebetaine was the most prominent in all the samples. The amount of protein, glycogen, extractive nitrogen, oligopeptides, ATP and its related compounds, and free amino acids in the triploid was higher than that of the diploid (p<0.10)

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 1983

A mechanism of taurine transfer across the rat small intestine was elucidated by using the in situ recirculation perfusion or loop method. Taurine uptake was saturable, Km= 39.9 mM, and energy dependent, and required sodium. The close structural analogues, aminomethane sulfonic acid, .gamma.-amino-butyric acid, hypotaurine, and .betha.-alanine, reduced significantly taurine uptake when present in 10-fold excess. The .alpha.-amino acid, glycine, did not inhibit uptake. Hence, all of these findings lead to a conclusion that a carrier-mediated transport system for taurine exists in the small intestine.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2008

Impairment of hepatic metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids has been known to be linked with induction of liver injury. We determined the early changes in the transsulfuration reactions in liver of rats challenged with a toxic dose of $CCl_4$ (2 mmol/kg, ip). Both hepatic methionine concentration and methionine adenosyltransferase activity were increased, but S-adenosylmethionine level did not change. Hepatic cysteine was increased significantly from 4 h after $CCl_4$ treatment. Glutathione (GSH) concentration in liver was elevated in $4{\sim}8$ h and then returned to normal in accordance with the changes in glutamate cysteine ligase activity. Cysteine dioxygenase activity and hypotaurine concentration were also elevated from 4 h after the treatment. However, plasma GSH concentration was increased progressively, reaching a level at least several fold greater than normal in 24 h. ${\gamma}$-Glutamyltransferase activity in kidney or liver was not altered by $CCl_4$, suggesting that the increase in plasma GSH could not be attributed to a failure of GSH cycling. The results indicate that acute liver injury induced by $CCl_4$ is accompanied with extensive alterations in the metabolomics of sulfurcontaining amino acids and related substances. The major metabolites and products of the transsulfuration pathway, including methionine, cysteine, hypotaurine, and GSH, are all increased in liver and plasma. The physiological significance of the change in the metabolomics of sulfur-containing substances and its role in the induction of liver injury need to be explored in future studies.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.383-388
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• 2007

It has been reported that sulfur-containing intermediates or products in the transsulfuration pathway including S-adenosylmethionine, 5'-methylthioadenosine, glutathione and taurine can prevent liver injury mediated by inflammation response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. The present study examines the modulation of hepatic metabolism of sulfur amino acid in a model of acute sepsis induced by LPS treatment (5 mg/kg, iv). Serum TNF-alpha and hepatotoxic parameters were significantly increased in rats treated with LPS, indicating that LPS results in sepsis at the doses used in this study. LPS also induced oxidative stress determined by increases in malondialdehyde levels and decreases in total oxy-radical scavenging capacities. Hepatic methionine and glutathione concentrations were decreased, but S-adenosylho-mocysteine, cystathionine, cysteine, hypotaurine and taurine concentrations were increased. Hepatic protein expression of methionine adenosyltransferase, cystathionine beta-synthase and cysteine dioxygenase were induced, but gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit levels were decreased. The results show that sepsis activates transsulfuration pathway from methionine to cysteine, suggesting an increased requirement for methionine during sepsis.