• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.1897-1904
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• 2010

The administration data of the national health insurance and health insurance bills were utilized in this study. The data of 432,915 patients who were at the age of 30 and up and used the out-patient departments of every medical institution located in some regions involving two southern and northern provinces once or more during a 184-day period from July to December. As a result of analyzing their prescription compliance and factors affecting it, the following findings were given: The average rate of the prescription compliance of the patients stood at 61.5 percent. It denoted that they were prescribed to take medicine for approximately 113 days during the six-month(184 days) period of time, and the rate of the patients who complied with the prescriptions just stood at 13.0 percent. They used out-patient department for 4.3 days on the average due to hypertension and they visited 1.1 medical institutions on the average. 94.9 percent just used a medical institution. The largest group (11.6%) suffered from diabetes as co-morbidity, and 23.3 percent of the hypertensives had co-morbidity. Concerning the relationship between their characteristics and prescription compliance, those who were male, who were beneficiaries of the national health insurance, who mainly used general hospitals and who suffered from co-morbidity complied better with the prescription they got. Their prescription compliance got better at the age of 65 to 74 and got worse afterwards. As for factors affecting their prescription compliance, the patients who were male, who were aged between 55 and 64 and who were beneficiaries of the national health insurance, who mainly used specialized general hospitals, general hospitals and public health centers and who had heart diseases and diabetes as co-morbidity complied better with the prescriptions. The above-mentioned findings of the study suggested that it's needed to make a factor analysis of the poor prescription compliance of patients from diverse angles, and that existing hypertension care plans should carefully be reviewed to improve the prescription compliance of patients and to find a feasible alternative. As hypertensives are easily likely to develop co-morbidity like diabetes, systematic health education should be provided for them to get into the right life habits such as taking low-salt meals or quitting smoking. In addition, the development of health care programs is required.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.183-186
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• 2002

Hypertension is a multifactorial disease. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in its etiology. Since the impairment of nitric oxide (NOS) production plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) gene is supposed to be a candidate gene of hypertension. Our study group investigated the 27 bp insertion/deletion (Ins/Del) polymorphism of ecNOS gene in 99 Korean normotensives and 98 hypertensives, respectively. There was no significant association with any cardiovascular risk factors as well as hypertension in Koreans. The Ins/Del polymorphism of the ecNOS gene indicated the similar allele distribution among ethnic groups studied. Further studies using larger sample size and subject information is required to describe the general picture of the association between the ecNOS gene polymorphic loci and hypertension

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2002

Hypertension is characterized by multiple genetic and environmental factors. To establish the genetic basis of hypertension in Koreans, we investigated the genetic variations of two candidate genes (aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), ${\gamma}$ subunit of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the Korean patients with hypertension and normotensive controls. There were no significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies between two groups, respectively. However, there was the significant difference between Korean and Caucasian populations in allele frequency of RFLPs in the two candidate genes. Therefore, these studies also need to be confirmed in other ethnic groups, although our results do not support a possible role of these genes on hypertension in Korean population

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 2003

Hypertension is characterized by multiple genetic and environmental factors. To establish the genetic basis of hypertension in Koreans, we investigated the genetic variations of dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene in the Korean patients with hypertension and normotensive controls. There were no significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of Bal I RFLP in the DRD3 gene between two groups, respectively (P > 0.05). Our finding shows lack of association between a genetic marker of DRD3 gene and hypertension, suggesting that the genetic variation of DRD3 gene does not playa major role in the determination of hypertension in Korean population. Further studies in other ethnic groups will be required.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.207-209
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• 2010

본 연구는 행정자료인 건강보험 및 의료급여비용 청구자료를 이용하였으며, 일개지역(2개도, 남북)에 개설되어있는 전체 의료기관을 대상으로 진료일 기준 '08.7월~'08.12월(184일)동안 외래 방문이 1회 이상인 30세 이상의 수진자 432,915명을 대상으로 하였다. 투약순응도와 영향 요인을 분석하였다. 투약순응도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 남성, 55~64세, 건강보험 가입자가, 종합전문, 종합병원, 보건기관을 주 이용기관으로 방문하는 환자와 심장질환, 당뇨병을 동반상병으로 가지고 있는 환자에서 투약순응도가 높았다. 본 연구 결과 투약 순응도가 낮은 환자에 대한 다양한 요인분석이 필요하며, 투약 순응도를 높이기 위한 고혈압관리사업의 정책적 검토 및 대안이 필요할 것이다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.165-165
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• 2002

Hypertension is considered to be caused by a complicated combination of genetic and environmental factors. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has been to suppress renin activity and inhibit the synthesis and release of aldosterone. Therefore, Abnormalities of this peptide caused by genetic variation may be influence the blood pressure. The aim of present study was to examine the relationship between hypertension and Sca I RFLP of ANP gene in Korean population. The genotype distribution of this RFLP was significantly different between normotensives and hypertensives (P<0.05). However, this genetic marker was not significantly associated with any anthropometric parameters or plasma lipid concentrations in our study group. Therefore, our result suggest that Sca I RFLP of ANP gene may be useful as genetic marker in the ethiology of hypertension in Korean population, independent of any cardiovascular risk. factors studied.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.249-253
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• 2003

Abnormalities in fibrinolysis system is associated with risk of hypertension. In this report, the Alu repeat insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and the Hind III RFLP of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) genes were investigated in 115 normotensives and 83 patients with hypertension, and their association with anthropometrical data and plasma biochemical parameters were analyzed. There were no significant differences in the gene frequencies of the two candidate genes between normotensives and hypertensives, respectively. Our results indicate lack of associations between the two polymorph isms in t-PA and PAI-1 genes and risk of hypertension in the population under study. However, the Hind III RFLP of PAI-1 gene was significantly associated with plasma glucose level, suggesting its role in glucose metabolism. It needs to be tested whether this RFLP of PAI-1 gene is associated with insulin resistance syndrome or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in the Korean population.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.243-247
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• 2003

고혈압은 다양한 유전적 요인과 환경적 요인들이 상호작용하여 발병하는 질환으로, 기존의 연구에서 dopamine D3 receptor(DRD3)와 고혈압과의 관련성에 관한 보고들이 있었다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 DRD3 유전자에 존재하는 Bail제한절편길이 다형성이 한국인 집단에서 고혈압과 어떠한 관련성이 있는 지를 조사하였다. 환자-대조군 연구를 수행한 결과 이 유전자에 존재하는 다형성은 한국인 집단에서 고혈압과 유의한 관련성을 나타내지 않았다. 그러나, 이 다형성을 구성하는 대립 유전자의 빈도를 여러 민족집단의 결과들과 비교했을 때, 흑인 집단과 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 따라서, 이러한 결과는 DRD3유전자에 존재하는 다형성이 고혈압과의 관련성을 나타내는 지를 정확하게 이해하기 위해서는 혹인 집단을 비롯한 다른 민족집단들을 대상으로 하여 광범위한 연구를 수행할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.155-164
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• 2002

Hypertension is the most frequent disease of chronic circulatory diseases and major intermediate cause or risk of the cerebrovascular disease which is a leading cause of death in Korea. Therefore, management of hypertension is an important issue in Korean healthcare. Especially, therapeutic compliance of hypertensives is very important because the hypertensive patients should receive anti-hypertensive treatment as long as the condition exists. However, many patients drop out of treatment, which is a major problem that needs to be solved through a hypertension control program. This study was carried out to provide basic data and counter measule for the hypertension control program in the community which aimed to keep the patients receiving treatment continuously. In order to investigate compliance of hypertensive patients during three months follow-up and the rate of control of hypertension, the data were collected during February, 2001, by reviewing medical records of 295 hypertensive patients who had been registered to Gunnam-myeon health subcenter before November, 2000. The author also study the dropout reasons by interviewing 58 patients among 68 dropout patients. The results were as follows: 1. Among the 295 subjects, 108(36.6%) were male and 187(63.4%) were female. Statistically, female hypertensives had a higher mean age than male(64.6 vs 66.3, p<0.05). 2. The 54.9% of the patients took anti-hypertensive medicine continuously for the past three months. And 19.3% had drug intermittently, and 25.8% dropped out of treatment. 3. Among several variables, such as sex, age, health insurance, the time taken from a patient's village to the health subcenter, only the last one was found to be significantly related to therapeutic compliance in the contingency table analysis. 4. The dropout reasons by multiple response were as follows, 'no symptom or no problem' (23.9%), 'change to other hospitals'(19.4%), 'geographical barrier'(17.9%), 'change to a neighborhood drugstore' (14.9%), 'immobility'(7.5%), 'economic barrier'(6.0%), 'unsatisfactory services of the health subcenter'(4.4%). 5. The mean blood pressure of 295 subjects was $144.9{\pm}12.9/86.88{\pm}8.6mmHg$. 6. The 32.5% of the subjects were controlled below 140/90mmHg. Conclusions: In order to improve the low rates of treatment and control of hypertension in rural hypertensives, a more active and systematic hypertension control program, including out-reaching follow-up management, is required in rural area. Especially, for health education of hypertensive patients, emphasis should placed on correcting wrong attitude toward hypertension.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.271-278
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• 2006

It has been suggested that isoflavones protect the cardiovascular system, in part by attenuating blood pressure. The purpose of the present research was to compare the isoflavone intake and blood lipids between hypertensive and normotensive and to examine dietary management for prevention of hypertension. Anthropometrical measurements, blood pressures, nutrients and isoflavone intakes using the 24-hour recall method, and serum lipids of 81 hypertensives and 77 normotensives were estimated. The average age, height, weight, and BMI were 58.2 years, l58.5 cm, 64.3 kg, and $25.6kg/m^2$ for the hypertensive and 58.0 years, 159.4 cm, 63.0 kg, and $24.8kg/m^2$ for the normotensive, respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the hypertensive were significantly higher than those of the normotensive (p<0.001, p<0.001). The daily food intake of the hypertensive was significantly lower than that of the normotensive (p<0.01). The daily energy intakes of hypertensive and normotesive were 1479.8 kcal and 1590.9 kcal and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Carbohydrate intake of the hypertensive was significantly higher than that of the normotensive (p<0.05). However, daily intakes of plant protein, fiber, ash, calcium, sodium, potassium, and vitamin $B_1$ of the hypertensive were significantly lower than those of the normotensive (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05). The daily intakes of daidzein, genistein, isoflavone of the hypertensive were significantly lower than those of the normotensive (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05). However, isoflavone intakes per 1000 kcal showed no significant difference between the two groups. Serum lipids of the hypertensive and normotensive were l89.6 mg/dL and l87.2 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 157.3 mg/dL and 161.9 mg/dL for triglyceride, 42.9 mg/dL and 43.5 mg/dL for HDL-cholesterol, 115.2 mg/dL and 111.4 mg/dL for LDL-cholesterol, and 3.5 and 3.4 for atherogenic index. In the total subjects, there was a significantly negative correlation between systolic blood pressure and genistein intake (p<0.05). Based on these results, we concluded that the daily intakes of food, energy, and isoflavones of hypertensives were lower than normotensives. Therefore, it should be emphasized that proper dietary management considering these dietary factors for prevention of hypertension.