• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.67-71
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• 2002

To investigate the ametropia and refractive error of 364 ametropic eyes en the 182 high school students in Jeonbuk provicne, the visual acuity test was performed by the object and subject method. The results were as follows. 1. The eye types were 85.7% positive for myopia, 6.6% for emmetropia and 7.6% hyperopia, respectively. 2. The abnormal refraction eyes were 30.8% positive for simple myopia, 58.5% for myopia compound astigmatism, 7.5% for myopia simple astigmatism, and 1.8% for simple hyperopia, 1.3% for hyperopia compound astigmatism, 1.9% for hyperopia simple astigmatism, respectively. 3. The axes of astigmatism were 78.7% for astigmatism with-the-rule, 13.9% for astigmatism against-the-rule, 7.4% for astigmatism oblique, respectively. 4. As for the astigmatic power, the 0.50 < cylinder < 1.00dptr was 60.0%, the 1.00 < cylinder < 2.00dptr was 29.2%, and anything over the 2.00cylinder dptr was 10.8%. 5. As for the equivalent spheric power of myopic abnormal refraction eyes, the -0.50 < spheric equivalent < -2.00 diopter was 64.6%, the -2.00 < spheric equivalent < -6.00 dptr was 29.1% and anything over the -6.00 dptr was 6%. 6. The equivalent spheric power of hyperopic abnormal refraction eyes was 50% anything under 2.00diopter and 50% for anything over the 2.00diopter.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.808-815
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• 2017

Purpose. To analyze the refractive status between urban and rural regions, of children in Korea, in the age group of 13. Methods. From October 2016 to January 2017, forty subjects( 20 male subjects, 20 female subjects; 13 years) were performed in refraction test using the Auto-Refraction. Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia were defined as spherical equivalent(SE)${\leq}-0.50$ diopters, SE ${\geq}+1.00D$, cylinder error ${\geq}0.75D$ and SE difference${\geq}1.00D$ between binocular eyes, respectively. Results. The refractive error by spherical equivalent among all subjects was myopia 76.25%, astigmatism 35%, emmetropia 16.25%, anisometropia 8.75%, and hyperopia 5%. The prevalence of myopia and astigmatism were much more common in urban than rural region although the difference was not statically significant. Emmetropia and astigmatism were much more common in rural region than urban although the difference was not statically significant. The prevalence of spherical equivalent was much common from -1.00 diopter to -4.00 diopter. On the other hand, the prevalence of myopia was much more than hyperopia. There was a statistical significance between OD and OS of rural region in the spherical equivalent power(p<.000). Also, There was a statistical significance between OD and OS of urban region in the spherical equivalent power(p<.004). Therefore, there was a significant statistical similarity between urban and rural regions on the OD and OS in the spherical equivalent power. On the other hand, There was a significant statistical similarity between urban and rural regions of the OD and OS in the astigmatism power(p<0.000). However, in the rural and urban regions there was not statistical significance in the OD and OS concerning the spherical equivalent power and astigmatism power (p>0.1). Conclusions. Myopia was the most common refractive error in Korea young children. while hyperopia was few. There was not a statistical significance as age between rural and urban at spherical equivalent power( P> 0.01). These results suggested that the analysis of the refractive status at young children can give the useful diagnosis data for the correction of visual acuity.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.105-110
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• 2007

To investigate the ametropia and refractive error of 222 ametropic eyes of the 111 high school students in Gwangju Metropolitan City, the visual acuity test was performed by the object and subject method. 85% of the eye types were positive for myopia, 14% for emmetropia, and 1% for hyperopia, respectively. 38% of the abnormal refraction eyes were positive for simple myopia, 4% for myopia simple astigmatism, 56% for myopia compound astigmatism, and 0% for simple hyperopia, 0% for hyperopia simple astigmatism, 2% for hyperopia compound astigmatism, 0% for mixed astigmatism, respectively. 92% of the axes fo astigmatism were for astigmatism with-the-rule, 6% for astigmatism against-the rule, 2% for astigmatism oblique, respectively. As for the astigmatic power, 0.50 < cylinder < 1.00D was 68%, 1.00 < cylinder < 2.00D was 25%, and anything over the 2.00 cylinder D was 7%. As for the equivalent spheric power of myopic abnormal refraction eyes, -0.50 < spheric equivalent < -2.00D was 26%, -2.00D < spheric equivalent < -6.00D was 55% and anything over the -6.00D was 19%. The rate of wearing glasses was 74%. It increases compared to 20 years ago. 91% of the eye test place was the optical shop, 9% the eye doctor hospital. 80% of the students need to change their optical lenses because spherical equivalent power was over 0.50D.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2014

Purpose. To analysis the refractive error in 7-9 year-old Korea children. Methods. From July 2013 to June 2014, two hundred eighty two subjects were performed in refraction test using the Auto-Refractometry. Results. The refractive error by spherical equivalent among all subjects was myopia 47.58%, emmetropia 42.35%, astigmatism 32.33%, and hyperopia 8.76%. Myopia was more common in female than males although the difference was not statically significant. The axis of astigmatism was with the rule in 65%, against the rule in 31.5%, and oblique in 3.5% There was a statistical significance between 7 year and 9 year of male in the spherical equivalent power(p=0.010). Also there was a statistical significance between 7 years and 9 years of female in the spherical equivalent power(p=0.036). However, there was not a statistical significance between male and female in spherical equivalent power(p>0.5). Conclusions. In this study, myopia was the most common refractive error. On the other hand, The prevalence of the axis of astigmatism was the with- the- rule. The spherical equivalent of refractive error was similar results between male and female. However The refractive error was different style with aging. these data suggested that the analysis of the refractive error at young children can provide the information of useful diagnosis for the correction of visual acuity.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.608-614
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative importance among various biological and environmental factors on refractive errors. Various factors such as diseases, health related behavior such as drinking, smoking and exercise, as well as dietary factors were considered as a possible determinant. Surveys of 492 residents over 20 years of age in Kuri city were conducted during 1998. The survey included a refractive error test adopting a autokerato-refractometer, dietary survey using a 24 hour recall method, disease survey including blood and other diagnosis tests, and a health behavior survey using questionnaires with variables of smoking, drinking, and exercise. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was adopted to analyse the relative importance among independent variables of health behaviors, disease, and dietary factors on ametropias. As a result, in the case of myopia, liver dysfunction appeared to be the most important factors followed by the health related behavior of smoking and exercise as the second most important factors. Nutrient factors such as carotene and protein appeared to be the third most important factors. Similar results had been shown in the case of the hyperopia. In summary, liver dysfunction and the health related behaviors of drinking and smoking appeared to be more influential factors on abnormal eye sight of myopia and hyperopia than dietary factors.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.323-332
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• 2004

This study researched the visual acuity test object and Auto-refractormeter, visual of near power. The object were composed of middle aged, the old men and women who in habit Daegu. The results were as follows : 1. The subjects consisted of 537 people, 29.98% men, 70.02% women. 2. The emmetropia was 1.12% for myopia, 2.79% for hyperopia, 96.09% for astigmatism. 3. The abnormal refraction was composition for myopic compound astigmatism(16.57%), hyperopia compound astigmatism(45.62%), Mixed astigmatism(33.89%). 4. On the Myopic Spherical Equivalent(S.E) power, the range of -0.50D ${\leq}$ M.S.E < -1.00D was 21.67%, -1.00D ${\leq}$ M.S.E < -2.00D was 48.89%, -2.00D ${\leq}$ M.S.E < -6.00D was 29.44%. 5. On the Hyperopic Spherical Equivalent(S.E) power, the range of +0.50D ${\leq}$ H.S.E < +1.00D was 28.57%, +1.00D ${\leq}$ H.S.E < +2.00D was 49.30%, +2.00D ${\leq}$ H.S.E < +6.00D was 23.13%. 6. The addition power was 1.00D(8.01%), 1.50D(8.57%), 2.00D(13.78%), 2.50D(16.57%), 3.00D(16.95%), 3.50D(17.88%), 4.00D(18.25%).

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 1999

To have a fine understand the refractive error eye of Korean adult male, This study was researched visual acuity test using objuctive and subjective methods. The results are as follows: 1. The eye types were 93.3% positive for myopia, 5.4% for emmetropia, and 1.7 forhyperopia, respectively. 2. The refractive error eye was positive for compound myoptic astigmatism for a percntage of 62.6%, simple myopia(32.4%), simple myoptic astigmatism(1.6%), simple hyperopia(l.4%) simple hyperopia astigmatism(0.5%), and mixed astigmatism(1.6%). 3. The axis of astigmatism was 59.7% for regular astigmatism, 25.3% for oblique astigmatism, and 15% for reverse regular astigmatism, respectively. 4. on the total myoptic spheric power, the -2.00

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2001

To investigate the visual acuity of the primary school children. the visual acuity test wan performed the object and subject method. The results were follows. 1. The eye types were 94.8% positive for myopia, 1.2% for emmetropia and 4.0% hyperopia, respectively. 2. The abnormal refraction eyes were 71.3% positive for simple myopia, 17.9% for myopic compound astigmatism, 6.9% for myopic simple astigmatism, and 2.5% for simple hyperopia, 0.6%for hyperopic compound astigmatism, 0.8%for hyperopic simple astigmatism, respectively. 3. The axis of astigmatism were 72.8% for astigmatism with-the-rule, 23.2% for astigmatism against-the-rule, 4.0% for astigmatism oblique, respectively. 4. On the total myopic spheric power, the -0.50

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2013

Purpose: This study is to predict refractive errors according to uncorrected visual acuity using uncorrected visual acuity of the first glasses wearers. Methods: For 886 children who visited an ophthalmic clinic, subjective refraction was carried out with maintain refraction (MR) and cycloplegic refraction (CR), and objective refraction was carried out using auto-refractometer. Uncorrected visual acuity and corrected visual acuity were tested using on a trial lens and a Han's visual acuity chart. Results: In correlation between with the uncorrected visual acuity and refractive the myopia was the highest (r=0.774) and followed by hyperopia (r=0.670), simple astigmatism (r=0.623), simple with-the-rule astigmatism (r=0.604)and simple against-the-rule astigmatism (r=0.508). Conclusions: There were differences in the predictions between uncorrected visual acuity and refractive error according to the types of refractive error and astigmatism.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 2001

To research the refractive error of the eyes on the 30's employees, 510 eyes were tested by the object and subject methods. The results were as follows. 1. Among the 510 eyes, myopia is 74.4%, hyperopia is 0.9% and emmetropia is 24.7%, respectively. 2. In test, the low myopia (-0.50Dt < Spherical Equivalent ${\leq}$ -2.00Dt) is 24.1%, the middle myopia(-2.00Dt < Spherical Equivalent ${\leq}$ -6.00Dt) is 51.4%, the high myopia(-6.00Dt < Spherical Equivalent) is 14.8% and the low hyperopia(+0.50Dt < Spherical Equivalent ${\leq}$ +2.00Dt) is 1.2%, respectively. 3. In test of astigmatism, the amount of astigmatism with-the rule is 58.5%, the amount of astigmatism against-the rule is 22.6% and the amount of astigmatism with oblique is 18.9%, respectively.