• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 2020

The Senior-Loken syndrome was first described in 1961 as an oculo-renal disease consisting of familial juvenile nephronophthisis and Leber congenital amaurosis. It is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with a prevalence of 1:1,000,000 caused by mutations in nine genes (NPHP 1-8 and NPHP 10). Ocular manifestations (e.g., photophobia, nystagmus, and extreme hyperopia) occur within the first few years of life while renal manifestations (e.g., formation of multiple cysts impairing kidney function and end-stage renal disease) appear in late childhood to adolescence. Here, we report a case of a Filipino male presenting with rotatory nystagmus and progressive deterioration of vision since childhood. He had congenital amaurosis and juvenile nephronophthisis that progressed to end stage renal disease by age 19. All laboratory and imaging findings were consistent with chronic kidney disease. Molecular genetic testing of ciliopathy-related genes was performed revealing a homozygous mutation in exon 11 of the IQCB1/NPHP5 gene, c.1090C>T (p.Arg364^⁎). This sequence change created a premature translational stop signal resulting in a truncated protein product, nephrocystin-5 and its consequent loss of function. His symptoms eventually improved with initiation dialysis. The prognosis of Senior-Loken syndrome remains dismal and a high index of suspicion, early diagnosis and timely intervention of renal complications are warranted.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.101-106
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• 2018

We examined refractive error, the corrected visual acuity, phoria and fusional reserve of 114 healthy myopes and hyperopia who had no strabismus, no ocular and physical diseases. We evaluated the occurrence of asthenopia according to phoria and fusional reserve. 41 out of 114 subjects which exophoria was 69% and esophoria was 5.5%, orthophoria was 26% made a complaint against asthenopia. The subjects who had exophoria of $0-6{\Delta}$ in the range of normal state was 61.4%, while the subjects who had exophoria of $7{\Delta}$ or more in the range of abnormal state was 38.6%. Reducing fusional reserve was associated with increasing phoria. The fusional reserve twice or more than phoria were 27.2%, and twice or under were 72.8%. Futhermore, AC/A ratio for heterophoria was found from 1.0 to 12.6 and its relationship to asthenopia of phoria could not be determined.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.655-662
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• 2023

Big data research plays a role of supplementing existing social science research methods. If the survey and experimental methods are somewhat inaccurate because they mainly rely on recall memories, big data are more accurate because they are real-time records. Social science research so far, which mainly conducts sample research for reasons such as time and cost, but big data research analyzes almost total data. However, it is not easy to repeat and reproduce social research because the social atmosphere can change and the subjects of research are not the same. While social science research has a strong triangular structure of 'theory-method-data', big data analysis shows a weak theory, which is a serious problem. Because, without the theory as a scientific explanation logic, even if the research results are obtained, they cannot be properly interpreted or fully utilized. Therefore, in order for big data research to become a methodological innovation, I proposed big thinking along with researchers' efforts to create new theories(black boxes).

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.71-75
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• 2007

This research was conducted from 1 March 2005 to 28 February 2007. We collected data from optician stores around Kwang-Ju city, 208 people aged 40 to 80 years using the cross cylinder method to find out age and gender dependence of near addition. 1. Age dependence of Refractive error shows 5% of emmetropia 34% of myopia and 43% of hyperopia. These results reveal that rate of hyperopia is higher than emmetropia and myopia. Mixed Astigmatism rate was 18%. 2. Near addition required to correct Presbyopia is analyzed as functions of gender and ages. In case of man: 40-44 (+0.75D), 45-49(+1.25D), 50-54(+1.41D), 55-59(+1.92D), 60-64(+2.35D), 65-69(+1.97D), 70(+3.12D), In case of woman: 40-44 (+1.08D), 45-49 (+1.38D), 50-54 (+1.67D), 55-59(+2.05D), 60-64 (+2.50D), 65-69 (+2.57D), $70{\leq}(+3.18D)$. Result shows it's Adding power higher than man. 3. Age dependence of Axis of Astigmatism. In case of horizontal astigmatism 61.2%, vertical 2.8% and rest else for 36%. Setting point from Binocular vision tells that average adding power of 40-44 (+0.75D) or (+1.00D), 45-49 (+1.25D) or (+1.50D), 50-54 (+1.50D), 55-59 (+2.00D), 60-64 (+2.50D), 65-69 (+2.50D) or (+2.75D), over $70{\leq}(+3.00D)$ or (+3.25D) of average adding power.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was investigated the relationship between the male and female of near stereoacuity and phoria, and was examined the correlations between near stereoacuity and phoria and refractive error. Methods: Adult 83 (male 36, female 47, mean age $21.09{\pm}1.74$(19~29) years old) target was examined after full correction of refractive error. Near stereoacuity was measured by using Titmus-fly Stereotest(Stereo Optical Co., Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and RANDOT Stereotest (Stereo Optical Co., Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), phoria was measured by using modified torrington method, at distance 40 cm. Results: In near stereoacuity, male was better good than female, and there was no difference between male and female (p>0.05). In near phoria, female was more higher than male, and there was a significant difference between male and female (p<0.05). Near stereoacuity by Titmus-fly test and Randot test result respectively was $262.17{\pm}562.43$ sec (second of arc) $243.08{\pm}68.04$ sec in esophoria, $148.42{\pm}269.54$ sec, $107.40{\pm}263.74$ sec in orthophoria, $113.94{\pm}152.46$ sec, $79.70{\pm}136.83$ sec in exophoria, there was a no difference between three phoria groups (p>0.05), and was a high correlation between phoria and near stereoacity(r=0.68). In addition, near stereoacuity in the refractive error respectively was $80.00{\pm}571.43$ sec, $68.75{\pm}36.82$ sec in myopia, $133.57{\pm}224.15$ sec, $93.14{\pm}214.95$ sec in hyperopia, $511.20{\pm}855.00$ sec, $511.4{\pm}855.60$ sec, there was a significant difference between three phoria groups (p<0.05). when was classfiied near stersoacuity into degree of refractive error, near stersoacuity was best in emmetropia, and was reduced when refractive error was highest in high degree myopia, and hyperopia. Conclusions: Titmus-fly Stereotest and RANDOT Stereotest result, near stereoacuity of adults, when esophoria and high degree refractive error, was reduced, there was a relationship between near stereoacuity with phoria, and refractive error. In this both stereotests if was bad when near stereoacuity can expect a phoria and refractive error.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.239-246
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the effect of induced ametropia on static posture for body balance. Methods: Twenty subjects (10 males, 10 females) of average age $23.4{pm}2.70$ years were participated and ametropia(binocular myopia; BM, simple myopic anisometropia; SMA, binocular hyperopia; BH, and simple hyperopic anisometropia; SHA) were induced with ${pm}0.50D$, ${\pm}1.00D$, ${\pm}1.50D$, ${\pm}2.00D$, ${\pm}3.00D$, ${\pm}4.00D$, ${\pm}5.00D$, respectively. General stability (ST), weight distribution index (WDI), and fall risk index (FI) were measured using TETRAX the biofeedback systems. Each index of the body balance was evaluated for 32 seconds in each ametropic condition and those value was compared with the value in fully corrected condition. Results: The ST showed significant increase from +0.50 D under condition of BM, from +1.00 D under condition of SMA, from -1.00 D under condition of BH, and from -1.50 D under condition of SHA compared with under condition of fully corrected condition, respectively. The FI showed significant increases from +4.00 D under condition of BM, from -1.00 D under condition of BH, and from -1.50 D under condition of SHA. The WDI show no change in all ametropia condition. Conclusions: Whatever ametropia is, uncorrected refractive error could reduce the general stability of body balance and increase the falling risk.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.145-150
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• 1998

To 160 persons(90 men, 70 women) who went to the national hospital of Solok-island with Hansens's disease, I tested the objective refracts test with the product of Cannon Ltd. Co. which RK-3 Auto Ref-keratometer's auto ophthalmoscope. The results were like these. Visual acuity of above 0.7 that can live without glasses was contained 44 men's eyes(24.4%) and 19 women s eyes(13.6%). These result are indicated that men have had more good visual acuity than women. Visual acuity of below 0.6 that cannot do normal life was contained 80.3% of the total patients. And amblyopia of below 0.3 and eyes which cannot be corrected were shown 44.4%(80 men's eyes and 55.7% 78 woman's eyes). Myopia was contained 119 eyes(43), hyperopia was contained 139 eyes (50.4%) and emmetropia was 6.5%. Astigmatism was shown 136 men s eyes (86.6%) and 97 women's eyes(81.5%). These results are indicated what many people accompany with astigmatism. And these ratio had some high percentages men rather than women. Direct astigmatic was contained 37 eyes (11.6%), Indirect astigmatic 81 eyes(25.3%) and Oblique Astigmatic 115 eyes(35.9%). As a of distributed result oblique astigmatic occupied best high point as 49.4% in 233 astigmatism and distributed the opposite direction as compared with normal irregular emmetropia not patient.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.119-125
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• 1996

From 1995. 3. 20 to 1995. 4. 10 refractive errors were surveyed on the 1,197 middle and high school pupils in Dong-Du-Cuon area. On the basis of the power of the old glasses or newly examined power, we surveyed the distribution of the refractive errors according to their types, ages, heights, weights and differences between both eyes. Among 2,394 eyes examined, 1,125eyes(47%) were emmetropia, 967 eyes(40.4%) were myopic, and 302eyes(12.6%) were hyperopic. As to the distribution of refractive errors, simple myopia(42.9%) was most common, and mixed astigmatism and compound hyperopic astigmatism were below 1%, Among the types of astigmatism, 62% were with the rule, 23% were against the rule and 15% were oblique, Differences between both eyes, the left eye showed more myopic than those of right eye. The distribution of myopia according to their ages, 27.7 at age 11, 38.5% at age 12, 35.5% at age 41.5% at age 14, 37.7% at age 15, 48.3% at age 16 and 46.8% at age 17., there was a significant increase in the prevalence of the myopia but that or hyperopia decreases with increases of age.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of environmental factors on 380 children's unaided visual acuity and to determine the visual acuity and objective refraction error of these children. The unaided visual acuity and objective refraction error were measured by the TOPCON chart projector and refractometer on 147 kindergarteners and 233 primary school children ranging from age 5 to 12. The measurement on the unaided visual acuity of children were 3% for below the 0.1 visual acuity 9% for 0.1~0.4. 18% for 0.5~0.7. 16% for 0.8~0.9. and 54% for over 1.0 visual acuity respectively. The refractive errors were 9.35% for mixed astigmatism. 14.5% for hyperopia 75.88% for myopia. and 0.27% for emmetropia. respectively. When analyzing the environmental factors. the relationship between the children's visual acuity and the number of hours the children watched TV. the more hours they watched TV. the more the children lost their visual acuity. The visual acuity of children decreased abruptly in the groups that watched TV more than 4 hour a day. When comparing the relationship between the children's visual acuity and proximity to the TV, the further away from the TV they were the higher visual acuity. There is rna relation between the children's visual acuity and the studying hour or reading hour of children. The relationship between the children's visual acuity and their dwelling environment, the visual acuity of children who lived in an independent house were better than the visual acuity of children who dwelled in an apartment.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.367-372
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide useful information for evaluating the sensory function of patients with strabismus by identifying the distribution of anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC) and normal retinal correspondence (NRC) by the degree of refractive errors and deviation angles. Methods: Objective refraction (AR/K, Cannon RK-F1, Japan) and subjective refraction tests were performed on 56 subjects (male: 26, female: 30) by an examiner; objective deviation angle was measured using synoptophore (OCULUS Synoptophore, Germany) with subject' eyes fully corrected for distance, and then subjective deviation angle was measured. Results: In all groups with refractive errors, the number of ARC was larger than that of NRC(67%). Particularly, it was largest in groups with myopia (71%), and in all groups, the number of UARC was larger than that of HARC. In groups with anisometropia, although the numbers of NRC and ARC were same, the number of UARC was larger than that of HARC as in other groups. In the distribution of NRC and ARC by deviation angle, the number of NRC was larger than that of ARC (46%) only at microstrabismus (0 ~ ${\pm}10{\triangle}$). Conclusions: Normal retinal correspondence were the most emmetropia in the retinal response were much higher than in the more hyperopia than the retinal correspondence were more myopia. In addition, the smaller the angle of retinal correspondence Normal over many, but overall, respectively.