• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1379-1389
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• 1999

A new technique for control of size and shape of flame-made particles is Introduced. The characteristic sintering time can be controlled Independently of collision time by heating the particles with irradiation of laser because the sintering time strongly depends on temperature. A coflow oxy-hydrogen diffusion flame burner was used for $SiCl_4$ conversion to silica particle. Nanometer sized aggregates irradiated by a high power CW $CO_2$ laser beam were rapidly heated up to high temperatures and then were sintered to approach volume-equivalent spheres. The sphere collides much slower than the aggregate, which results in reduction of sizes of particles maintaining spherical shape. Light scattering of Ar ion laser and TEM observation using a local sampling device were used to confirm the above effects. When the $CO_2$ laser was irradiated at low position from the burner surface, particle generation due to gas absorption of laser beam occurred and thus scattering intensity increased with $CO_2$ laser power. At high irradiation position, scattering intensity decreased with $CO_2$ laser power and TEM image showed a clear mark of evaporation and recondensation of particles for high $CO_2$ laser power. When the laser was irradiated between the above two positions where small aggregates exist, average size of spherical particles obviously decreased to 58% of those without $CO_2$ laser irradiation with the spherical shape. Even for increased carrier gas flow rate by a factor of three, TEM photograph also revealed considerable reduction of particle size.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1996.05c
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• pp.231-237
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• 1996

Defect equilibrium equations were modelled, and the relations of P $o_2$, venus x were derived using the mass action law. The dominant defect species active in a specified region were determined by fitting the curve of experimental data to the calculated curve of log P $o_2$, versus log x for each theoretical model. The calculated curve for (2:1:2) and (Er')$^{x}$ in the hyperstoichiometric $U_{1-y}$E $r_{y}$ $O_{2＋x}$ and that for (2Er'quot;)$^{x}$ $_{dec}$ in the hypostoichiometric $U_{1-y}$E $r_{y}$ $O_{2－x}$ are in good agreement with the present experimental results. The sintering behavior of Er-doped U $O_2$ is observed with erbium content in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres. For sintering in oxidizing atmosphere, sintered density decreases as increasing y in $U_{1-y}$E $r_{y}$ $O_{2＋x}$. However, in hydrogen atmosphere, sintered density decreases as increasing y at lower erbium content but the density increases again above y=0.10. In oxidizing sintering conditions, the formation of (Er'U')$^{x}$ clusters hinders the diffusion of cations, and hence the sinterability of Er-doped U $O_2$ decreases. In reducing atmosphere of Er-doped U $O_2$ for higher Er concent, the oxygen vacancies make (Er')$^{x}$ cluster decompose by charge compensation and the concentration of mobile cations increases, thereby improving the sinterability.ntration of mobile cations increases, thereby improving the sinterability.ability.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2004

Analysis model for the two-phase catalytic reactor is presented. With the progress in development of micro thermofluidic devices, needs fur understanding of the phenomena in two phase reaction in cm scale has been arisen. To investigate thermal and reactive performance of down scaled two phase reactor simple analysis model that is a kind of lumped flow model is proposed. Analysis model presented is based on the experiment on mm scale model reactor. Target experiment is catalytic decomposition of 70wt％ hydrogen peroxide with existence of perovskite L $a_{0.8}$S $r_{0.2}$Co $O_3$ catalyst. It is composed of balance equations of mass and energy. Each phase is considered to be a species fur the simplicity. Axial diffusion and transversal distribution of properties are neglected. Two phase catalytic reaction is modeled as successive gasification of liquid lump around catalyst and reaction in gas phase. Heat transfer is modeled by model function ofNu number. Modeled Nu is expressed as Nu=N $u_{0}$ (1＋ $a_1$( $a_2$ $T^{-}$ $a_3$)exp( $a_4$ $T^{-1}$)exp( $a_{5}$ z). Transfer coefficients are determined by the comparison of experimental results. With the model, heat transfer characteristics are investigated. Also by the mass transfer coefficient, characteristics in mass transfer is investigated. With the result basic understanding on design and analysis of mm scale two-phase reactive device is obtained. Also it can be further applied to micro scale reactive device fabricated by micromachining.ing..

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.689-696
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• 2010

The Because of its high thermal efficiency, the direct injection (DI) diesel engine has emerged as a promising potential candidate in the field of transportation. However, the amount of nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$) increases in the local high-temperature regions and that of particulate matter (PM) increases in the diffusion flame region during diesel combustion. In the de-$NO_x$ system the Lean $NO_x$ Trap (LNT) catalyst is used, which absorbs $NO_x$ under lean exhaust gas conditions and releases it in rich conditions. This technology can provide a high $NO_x$-conversion efficiency, but the right amount of reducing agent should be supplied to the catalytic converter at the right time. In this research, the emission characteristics of a diesel engine equipped with a micro-reformer that acts as a reductants-supplying equipment were investigated using an LNT system, and the effects of the exhaust-gas temperature were also studied.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.520-524
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• 2011

The properties of manufactured SOFC unit cell using decalcomania method were investigated. The decalcomania method that used in ceramics, dish, vessel and etc. was the very simple process. The SOFC unit cell manufacturer using decalcomania method is very simple process. Especially, the decalcomania method was the most suitable manufacturing method for the segmented type SOFC. The cathode, prevent diffusion layer (PDL), anode functional layer (AFL) and electrolyte were manufactured using decalcomania method on porous anode support. The sintered electrolyte at 1450$^{\circ}C$ for 2 h using decalcomania method was very dense, and the thickness was about 10 ${\mu}m$. The cathode, the PDL and the AFL were manufactured using decalcomania method and was sintered at 1250$^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, and the sintered electrodes were the porous. As a result, with humidified hydrogen used as fuel, the cell with an 15 ${\mu}m$-thick AFL exhibited maximum power densities of 0.246, 0.364, 0.504W/$cm^2$ at 700, 750, 800$^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.197-200
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• 2014

We investigated the influence of blistering on $Al_2O_3$/SiON stacks and $Al_2O_3$/SiNx:H stacks passivation layers. $Al_2O_3$ film provides outstanding Si surface passivation quality. $Al_2O_3$ film as the rear passivation layer of a p-type Si solar cell is usually stacked with a capping layer, such as $SiO_2$, SiNx, and SiON films. These capping layers protect the thin $Al_2O_3$ layer from an Al electrode during the annealing process. We compared $Al_2O_3$/SiON stacks and $Al_2O_3$/SiNx:H stacks through surface morphology and minority carrier lifetime after annealing processes at $450^{\circ}C$ and $850^{\circ}C$. As a result, the $Al_2O_3$/SiON stacks were observed to produce less blister phenomenon than $Al_2O_3$/SiNx:H stacks. This can be explained by the differences in the H species content. In the process of depositing SiNx film, the rich H species in $NH_3$ source are diffused to the $Al_2O_3$ film. On the other hand, less hydrogen diffusion occurs in SiON film as it contains less H species than SiNx film. This blister phenomenon leads to an increase insurface defect density. Consequently, the $Al_2O_3$/SiON stacks had a higher minority carrier lifetime than the $Al_2O_3$/SiNx:H stacks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.380.2-380.2
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• 2014

Direct synthesis of graphene using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been considered a facile way to produce large-area and uniform graphene film, which is an accessible method from an application standpoint. Hence, their fundamental understanding is highly required. Unfortunately, the CVD growth mechanism of graphene on Cu remains elusive and controversial. Here, we present the effect of graphene growth parameters on the number of graphene layers were systematically studied and growth mechanism on copper substrate was proposed. Parameters that could affect the thickness of graphene growth include the pressure in the system, gas flow rate, growth pressure, growth temperature, and cooling rate. We hypothesis that the partial pressure of both the carbon sources and hydrogen gas in the growth process, which is set by the total pressure and the mole fraction of the feedstock, could be the factor that controls the thickness of the graphene. The graphene on Cu was grown by the diffusion and precipitation mode not by the surface adsorption mode, because similar results were observed in graphene/Ni system. The carbon-diffused Cu layer was also observed after graphene growth under high CH4 pressure. Our findings may facilitate both the large-area synthesis of well-controlled graphene features and wide range of applications of graphene.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.171-175
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• 2020

In the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), the development of a reinforced membrane with improved durability by a support is actively in progress in Korea. In this study, the initial performance and characteristics of four types of reinforced membranes were compared. Reinforced membranes with higher amounts of C-F chains in the polymer membrane showed lower water diffusion coefficients due to the hydrophobicity of the C-F chains. The thicker the polymer membrane, the more the hydrogen permeability decreased and the higher the OCV. Membrane with short resistance below 1.5 Ωcm² showed OCV below 0.9 V and the lowest performance, so short resistance should be above 3.0 Ωcm². Compared with the current standard membrane, there was a similar domestic membrane, which could confirm the possibility of localization of PEMFC polymer membrane.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.109-109
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• 2017

알지네이트 하이드로 젤은 해조류에서 추출되는 천연 고분자인 알지네이트가 칼슘 또는 마그네슘 양이온과 이온가교(Ioninc cross linking)를 형성할 때 알지네이트의 고분자 구조가 칼슘, 마그네슘 양이온을 감싸면서 형성되는 고분자이다. 알지네이트 하이드로 젤은 높은 생체적합성(Biocompatibility)으로 인해 세포 재생을 위한 조직공학 및 재생의학, 약물전달 등의 제약 관련 분야에 광범위하게 적용될 수 있는 물질로 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 마이크로 플루이딕 칩을 이용하여 알지네이트 튜브를 제조하였다. 먼저 유동 포커싱 방식(flow focussing)을 유도할 수 있는 PDMS(Polydimethylsiloxane) 마이크로 플루이딕 칩을 제조하였다. 마이크로 플루이딕 칩은 CNC(Computer Numeric Control) milling machine을 이용한 template를 만들고 NOA mold를 이용하여 최종 PDMS 칩을 제작하였다. 튜브를 만들기 위한 마이크로 채널은 내부 채널 ($200{\times}200um$), 중간 채널 ($200{\times}200um$) 및 외부 채널 ($200{\times}200um$)로 구성되며 내부, 중간, 외부의 유체가 합류하는 수집채널은 폭 500 um, 깊이 200 um로 구성되었다. 운반체로는 5%의 acetic acid를 함유한 mineral oil를 이용하였으며 내부의 core flow는 $H_2O$로 하였다. 중간 유체인 2% 알지네이트 프리폴리머는 칼슘 이온의 존재 하에서 젤화 과정이 매우 빠르기 때문에 마이크로 채널 내부에서의 반응을 제어하고 막힘을 방지하기 위해 수용성 복합 칼슘-에틸렌 디아민 테트라 아세트산 (EDTA)을 사용하였다. 본 마이크로 플루이딕 칩에 각각의 유체를 이동시켰을 때, 운반체인 oil phase의 수소이온은 중간 유체인 알지네이트 프리폴리머와의 계면을 통해 확산되어 Ca-EDTA 복합체로부터 칼슘 양이온의 방출을 유발하게 된다. 방출된 칼슘 양이온은 알지네이트 고분자와의 이온 가교를 통해 알지네이트 하이드로 젤을 형성하여, 각 유체의 flow에 따라 알지네이트 튜브를 쉽고 빠르게 제조 가능하였다. 본 연구에서 제조된 알지네이트 튜브는 인체 내 장기간 약물 전달을 위한 나노섬유로 활용하거나 인공혈관을 구성하는 extracellular matrix로 활용될 잠재력을 가지고 있어 추후 활발한 연구개발이 진행될 예정이다.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.170-177
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• 2006

Optimum design of flow channel in the separation plate of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell is very prerequisite to reduce concentration over potential at high current region and remove the water generated in cathode effectively. In this paper, fully 3 dimensional computational model which solves anode and cathode flow fields simultaneously is developed in order to compare the performance of fuel cell with parallel and interdigitated flow channels. Oxygen and water concentration and pressure drop are calculated and i-V performance characteristics are compared between flows with two flow channels. Results show that performance of fuel cell with interdigitated flow channel is hi민or than that with parallel flow channel at high current region because hydrogen and oxygen in interdigitated flow channel are transported to catalyst layer effectively due to strong convective transport through gas diffusion layer but pressure drop is larger than that in parallel flow channel. Therefore Trade-off between power gain and pressure loss should be considered in design of fuel cell with interdigitated flow channel.